Editing Clematis (section)

==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Clematis'' was first published by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753,<ref name="IPNI_Clematis">{{cite web |title=IPNI Plant Name Query Results for ''Clematis'' |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Clematis |access-date=2018-03-28}}
</ref> the first species listed being ''[[Clematis viticella]]''. The genus name long pre-dates Linnaeus. It was used in [[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]] for various climbing plants, and is based on κλήμα (klēma), meaning vine or tendril.<ref name=HyamPank95>{{Cite book |last1=Hyam |first1=R. |last2=Pankhurst |first2=R.J. |year=1995 |title=Plants and their names : a concise dictionary |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866189-4 |name-list-style=amp |page=115}}</ref>

===''Archiclematis'' and ''Naravelia''===

Some morphologically distinctive taxa lacking the combination of characters defining ''Clematis'' were formerly segregated as the genera ''Archiclematis'' (1 species) and ''Naravelia'' (several species). DNA sequence studies have found that these two genera are deeply nested in ''Clematis'', the morphological characters they were erected on being either reversals or misinterpretations, and that consequently the genera should be reduced to the synonymy of ''Clematis''. ''Naravelia'' is a monophyletic group within ''Clematis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miikeda |first1=Osamu |last2=Kita |first2=Koichi |last3=Handa |first3=Takashi |last4=Yukawa |first4=Tomohisa |date=2006-10-01 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of Clematis (Ranunculaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=152 |issue=2 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00551.x |issn=0024-4074|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Xie et al (2011)">{{cite journal |last1=Xie |first1=Lei |last2=Wen |first2=Jun |last3=Li |first3=Liang-Qian |year=2011 |title=Phylogenetic Analyses of ''Clematis'' (Ranunculaceae) based on Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Three Plastid Regions |journal=Systematic Botany |publisher=American Society of Plant Taxonomists |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=907–921 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aspt/sb/2011/00000036/00000004/art00010 |doi=<!--10.1600/036364411X604921 dead link--> |bibcode=2011SysBo..36..907X |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Jiang et al (2017)">{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Nan |last2=Zhou |first2=Zhuang |last3=Zhang |first3=Shu-Dong |last4=Guan |first4=Kai-Yun |last5=Tan |first5=Yun-Hong |last6=Yu |first6=Wen-Bin |year=2017 |title=Phylogenetic reassessment of tribe Anemoneae (Ranunculaceae): Non-monophyly of ''Anemone'' s.l. revealed by plastid datasets |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=e0174792 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0174792 |pmid=28362811 |pmc=5376084 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1274792J|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Species to be transferred include:
* ''[[Clematis alternata]]'' [[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Archiclematis alternata''
* ''[[Clematis antonii]]'', syn. ''Naravelia antonii''
* ''[[Clematis dasyoneura]]'', syn. ''Naravelia dasyoneura''
* ''[[Clematis horripilata]]'', syn. ''Naravelia laurifolia''
* ''[[Clematis zeylanica]]'', syn. ''Naravelia zeylanica''

===Species===
{{main|List of Clematis species|l1=List of ''Clematis'' species}}
[[File:Large purple clematis flower with white finger stamens.jpg|thumb|Large, dark purple clematis flower with white finger stamens in sunlight]]
[[File:PurpleClematis1.jpeg|right|thumb|Purple clematis]]
[[File:Clematis armandii01-4035~2015 03 22.JPG|thumb|''Clematis armandii'']]
[[File:Clematis macro 1.JPG|right|thumb|''Clematis'' 'Multi Blue']]
[[File:Clematis florida 001.jpg|thumb|right|''Clematis florida'']]
[[File:Clematis Montana 02.jpg|thumb|upright|''C. montana'']]
[[File:Clematis vitalba.JPG|right|thumb|Flowers of ''C. vitalba'']]
[[File:Old man's beard Clematis vitalba seeds.jpg|right|thumb|Seed heads of ''C. vitalba'' growing in a [[Hedge (barrier)|hedge]], showing why it is known colloquially as "old man's beard"]]
[[File:Clematis seeds.jpg|thumb|[[Achene]]s]]
[[File:Clematis dioica in Guanacaste, Costa Rica.JPG|thumb|Fruits of ''C. dioica'' in Guanacaste, Costa Rica]]
[[File:Clematis-C - Copy.jpg|thumb|''C. terniflora'' seed cluster]]

A partial list of species:
* ''[[Clematis addisonii]]'' <small>Britt.</small> – Addison's leather flower
* ''[[Clematis akebioides]]'' <small>(Maxim.) H.J.Veitch</small>
* ''[[Clematis albicoma]]'' <small>Wherry</small> – whitehair leather flower
* ''[[Clematis alpina]]'' <small>(L.) Mill.</small> – alpine clematis
* ''[[Clematis aristata]]'' {{Au|R.Br. ex Ker Gawl.}}<ref name=APNI-C.-aristata>{{APNI |id=17105 |name=''Clematis aristata'' {{Au|R.Br. ex Ker Gawl.}} |accessdate=24 June 2013 }}</ref> – Australian clematis
* ''[[Clematis armandii]]'' <small></small>– Armand clematis
* ''[[Clematis baldwinii]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray</small> – pine hyacinth
* ''[[Clematis bigelovii]]'' <small>Torr.</small> – Bigelow clematis
* ''[[Clematis brachiata]]'' <small>Thunb.</small> – traveller's joy
* ''[[Clematis campaniflora]]'' <small>Brot.</small> – Portuguese clematis
* ''[[Clematis catesbyana]]'' <small></small>– satin curls
* ''[[Clematis chinensis]]'' <small>Osbeck</small> – ''wei ling xian'' in Chinese ({{zh|c=威靈仙|p=Wei ling xian}})
* ''[[Clematis chrysocoma]]'' <small>Franch.</small> – gold wool clematis
* ''[[Clematis cirrhosa]]'' <small>L.</small> – includes the 'Freckles', 'Wisley Cream', and 'Jingle Bells' cultivars
** ''[[Clematis cirrhosa v. balearica]]'' <small></small>(Balearic Islands)
* ''[[Clematis coactilis]]'' <small>(Fern.) Keener</small> – Virginia whitehair leather flower
* ''[[Clematis columbiana]]'' <small>(Nutt.) Torr. & A.Gray</small> – British Columbia virgin's bower
* ''[[Clematis crispa]]'' <small>L.</small> – swamp leather flower
* ''[[Clematis cunninghamii]]''
* ''[[Clematis dioica]]'' <small>L.</small> – ''cabellos de angel''
* ''[[Clematis drummondii]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray</small> – Drummond clematis
* ''[[Clematis durandii]]''
* ''[[Clematis fawcettii]]'' {{Au|F.Muell.}}<ref name=APNI-C.-fawcettii>{{APNI |id=17377 |name=''Clematis fawcettii'' {{Au|F.Muell.}} |accessdate=24 June 2013 }}</ref>
* ''[[Clematis flammula]]'' <small>L.</small> – fragrant virgin's bower
* ''[[Clematis florida]]'' <small>Thunb.</small> – Asian clematis
* ''[[Clematis foetida]]'' <small>Raoul (1846)</small> – New Zealand clematis
* ''[[Clematis fremontii]]'' <small>S.Watson</small> – Fremont's leather flower
* ''[[Clematis glaucophylla]]'' <small>Small</small> – whiteleaf leather flower
* ''[[Clematis glycinoides]]'' {{Au|DC.}} – headache vine<ref name=APNI-C.-glycinoides>{{APNI |id=17431 |name=''Clematis glycinoides'' {{Au|DC.}} |accessdate=24 June 2013 }}</ref>
* ''[[Clematis gouriana]]'' – Indian traveller's joy
* ''[[Clematis henryi]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
* ''[[Clematis hirsutissima]]'' <small>Pursh</small> – hairy clematis
* ''[[Clematis hedysarifolia]]'' {{Au|DC.}}
* ''[[Clematis integrifolia]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Clematis ispahanica Bioss]]''
* ''[[Clematis × jackmanii]]'' <small>T.Moore</small> – Jackman's clematis
* ''[[Clematis koreana]]'' <small>Kom.</small> – Korean clematis
* ''[[Clematis lanuginosa]]'' <small>Lindl. & Paxton</small>
* ''[[Clematis lasiantha]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> – pipestem clematis
* ''[[Clematis leptophylla]]'' {{Au|(F.Muell. ex Benth.) H.Eichler}}<ref name=APNI-C.-leptophylla>{{APNI |id=108278 |name=''Clematis leptophylla'' {{Au|(F.Muell. ex Benth.) H.Eichler}} |accessdate=24 June 2013 }}</ref>
* ''[[Clematis ligusticifolia]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> – western white clematis, ''hierba de chivo''
* ''[[Clematis linearifolia]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
* ''[[Clematis macropetala]]'' <small>Ledeb.</small> – downy clematis
* ''[[Clematis mandshurica]]''
* ''[[Clematis marmoraria]]'' <small>Sneddon</small> – New Zealand dwarf clematis
* ''[[Clematis microphylla]]'' {{Au|DC.}} – small-leaved clematis<ref name=APNI-C.-microphylla>{{APNI |id=17531 |name=''Clematis microphylla'' {{Au|DC.}} |accessdate=24 June 2013 }}</ref>
* ''[[Clematis montana]]'' <small>Buch.-Ham. ex DC.</small> – anemone clematis
* ''[[Clematis morefieldii]]'' <small>Kral</small> – Huntsville vasevine
* ''[[Clematis napaulensis]]'' <small>DC.</small>
* ''[[Clematis occidentalis]]'' <small>(Hornem.) DC.</small> – western blue virginsbower
* ''[[Clematis ochroleuca]]'' <small>Ait.</small> – curlyheads
* ''[[Clematis orientalis]]'' <small>L.</small> – Chinese clematis
* ''[[Clematis palmeri]]'' <small>Rose</small> – Palmer clematis
* ''[[Clematis paniculata]]'' <small>J.F.Gmel.</small> – ''puawhananga''
* ''[[Clematis patens]]'' <small>C.Morren & Decne.</small>
* ''[[Clematis pauciflora]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> – ropevine clematis
* ''[[Clematis pickeringii]]'' {{Au|A.Gray}}<ref name=APNI-C.-pickeringii>{{APNI |id=17587 |name=''Clematis pickeringii'' {{Au|A.Gray}} |accessdate=24 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name="RFK8">{{cite web |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/clematis_pickeringii.htm |title=Clematis pickeringii |author=F.A. Zich |author2=B.P.M Hyland |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]], Edition 8 |year=2020 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO) |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>
* ''[[Clematis pitcheri]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray</small> – bluebill
* ''[[Clematis pubescens]]'' <small>Hügel ex Endl.</small> – common clematis
* ''[[Clematis recta]]'' <small>L.</small> – ground clematis
* ''[[Clematis reticulata]]'' <small>Walter</small> – netleaf leather flower
* ''[[Clematis rhodocarpa]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Clematis smilacifolia]]'' <small>Wall.</small>
* ''[[Clematis socialis]]'' <small>Kral</small> – Alabama leather flower
* ''[[Clematis stans]]'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> – ''kusabotan''
* ''[[Clematis tangutica]]'' <small>(Maxim.) Korsh.</small> – golden clematis
* ''[[Clematis terniflora]]'' <small>DC.</small> – sweet autumn clematis
* ''[[Clematis texensis]]'' <small>Buckley</small> – scarlet leather flower
* ''[[Clematis urophylla]]''
* ''[[Clematis versicolor]]'' <small></small>– manycolored leather flower
* ''[[Clematis verticillaris]]'' <small></small>– purple virgins bower<ref>[http://www.voyageurcountry.com/htmls/floweringplants/plants/purplevirginsbower.html purple virgins bower] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525095520/http://www.voyageurcountry.com/htmls/floweringplants/plants/purplevirginsbower.html |date=2009-05-25 }}, Voyageur Country</ref>
* ''[[Clematis viorna]]'' <small>L.</small> – vasevine, traveller's joy
* ''[[Clematis virginiana]]'' <small>L.</small> – devil's darning needles, Virginia bower
* ''[[Clematis viridiflora]]'' <small>Bertol.</small><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31819#page/187/mode/1up |title=Miscellanea Botanica XIX |first=Antonii |last=Bertolonii |author-link=Antonio Bertoloni |journal=Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna |volume=9 |year=1858 |page=167 at 171–172 |language=la}}</ref>
* ''[[Clematis vitalba]]'' <small>L.</small> – traveller's joy, old man's beard
* ''[[Clematis viticaulis]]'' <small>E.Steele</small> – Millboro leather flower
* ''[[Clematis viticella]]'' <small>L.</small> – Italian leather flower, purple clematis

====Formerly placed here====
* ''[[Akebia trifoliata]]'' <small>(Thunb.) Koidz.</small> (as ''C. trifoliata'' <small>Thunb.</small>)

===Subdivisions===
One recent classification{{which|date=September 2020}} recognised 297 species of clematis. Consequently, [[taxonomist]]s and gardeners subdivide the genus. Several classification systems exist.

Magnus Johnson divided ''Clematis'' into 19 [[section (botany)|sections]], several with subsections.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Magnus |title=The Genus Clematis |publisher=Magnus Johnson Plantskola AB |year=2001}}</ref> Christopher Grey-Wilson divided the genus into 9 [[subgenus|subgenera]] (''[[Clematis (subgenus)|Clematis]], [[Cheiropsis]], Flammula, [[Archiclematis]], [[Campanella (subgenus)|Campanella]], [[Atragene]], [[Tubulosae]], [[Pseudanemone]], [[Viorna]]''), several with sections and subsections within them.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grey-Wilson |first=Christopher |title=Clematis: The Genus: A Comprehensive Guide for Gardeners, Horticulturists and Botanists |publisher=Timber Press |year=2000}}</ref> Several of the subdivisions are fairly consistent between these two systems; for example, all of Grey-Wilson's subgenera are used as sections by Johnson. Alternatively, John Howell defined twelve groups: the Evergreen, Alpina, Macropetala, Montana, Rockery, Early Large-Flowered, Late Large-Flowered, Herbaceous, Viticella, Texensis, Orientalis, and Late Mixed groups.

Many of the most popular garden forms are cultivars belonging to the Viticella section of the subgenus ''Flammula'' as defined by Grey-Wilson. These larger-flowered cultivars are often used within garden designs to climb archways, [[pergola]]s, or wall-mounted [[Trellis (architecture)|trellises]], or to grow through companion plants. These forms normally have large 12–15&nbsp;cm diameter upward-facing flowers and are believed to involve crosses of ''C. patens'', ''C. lanuginosa'', and ''C. viticella''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Evison |first=Raymond J. |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Clematis |publisher=Timber Press/David and Charles |year=1998}}</ref> Early-season, large-flowering forms such as 'Nelly Moser' tend towards the natural flowering habit of ''C. patens'' or ''C. lanuginosa'' while later-flowering forms such as ×''jackmanii'' are nearer in habit to ''C. viticella''.