Editing City University of New York (section)

===Student protests===
There is a long tradition of student activism at CUNY. Eastern European Jewish refugees made City College a "hotbed of antifascism" in the early 20th century.<ref>Reed, C.T. (2023). ''New York Liberation School.'' Common Notions.</ref> On April 13, 1934, City and Hunter Colleges were sites of a National Student Strike Against War, organized by the [[Student League for Industrial Democracy (1946–1959)|Student League for Industrial Democracy]] and the [[National Student League]]. At City College, approximately 600 students gathered at the flagpole on campus to protest the war, as well as demand the reinstatement of twenty-one students<ref>CCNY Student League for Industrial Democracy, CCNY National Student League. (1934). ''21 Students Expelled - Strike Robbie Out!'' [Documents]. The City College Libraries, New York, New York. <nowiki>https://jstor.org/stable/community.9285626</nowiki></ref> who had been expelled for refusing to answer Dean Morton Gottschall's questions regarding their actions in a prior protest against a visiting delegation of soldiers from fascist Italy on October 9.<ref>13 ARE REINSTATED AT CITY COLLEGE. (October 30, 1934). ''New York Times.'' https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/10/30/118006499.html?pageNumber=21</ref> At Hunter College, the students demonstrated against then-president Dr. Eugene A. Colligan for his refusal to cooperate with the nationwide anti-war strike "and especially his attempt to call a halt to an anti-war convention at Hunter College on mere technicalities."<ref>NATION"S STUDENTS 'STRIKE' FOR HOUR IN PROTEST ON WAR. (April 14, 1934). ''New York Times, Vol. LXXXIII.'' https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/04/14/95481794.html?pageNumber=1</ref> On November 20, 1934, nearly 1,500 gathered at the CCNY Quad to protest the expulsion, culminating in the burning of a two-headed effigy of CCNY President Robinson and Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini.<ref>Unknown, "Rally on CCNY Quad, November, 20, 1934," ''CUNY Digital History Archive'', accessed April 23, 2025, <nowiki>https://cdha.cuny.edu/items/show/4032</nowiki>.</ref> After the rally, more than 2,000 City College students voted to reinstate the twenty-one students, this time advocating "a 'legal method' of struggle...as opposed to the holding of unauthorized demonstrations."<ref>2,000 AT RALLY ASK CITY COLLEGE TRUCE (November 23, 1934). ''New York Times.'' https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/11/23/94581705.html?pageNumber=21</ref>

Students at some campuses became increasingly frustrated with the university's and Board of Higher Education's handling of university administration. At [[Baruch College]] in 1967, over a thousand students protested the plan to make the college an upper-division school limited to junior, senior, and graduate students.<ref>{{cite news|title=1,000 C.C.N.Y. Students Protest Division Plan for Baruch School|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 31, 1967}}</ref> At [[Brooklyn College]] in 1968, students attempted a sit-in to demand the admission of more black and Puerto Rican students and additional black studies curriculum.<ref>{{cite news|last=Farber|first=M.A.|title=Brooklyn vs. Columbia: Failure of the Sit-In at One School Laid To Type of Student, Location and Policy|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 24, 1968}}</ref> Students at [[Hunter College]] also demanded a [[Africana studies|Black studies]] program.<ref>{{cite news|title=Negro Students Press Demands: Ask Stony Brook and Hunter for Black-Studies Program|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 8, 1969}}</ref> Members of the SEEK program, which provided academic support for underprepared and underprivileged students, staged a building takeover at [[Queens College]] in 1969 to protest the decisions of the program's director, who would later be replaced by a black professor.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lissner|first=Will|title=City U. Examines College Dispute: Advisory Unit Weighs SEEK Protests at Queens|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 11, 1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Negro Chosen Head of SEEK Program at Queens College|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 4, 1969}}</ref> [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]] students at [[Bronx Community College]] filed a report with the [[New York State Division of Human Rights]] in 1970, contending that the intellectual level of the college was inferior and discriminatory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Students Protest College Teaching|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 25, 1970|page=36}}</ref> Hunter College was crippled for several days by a protest of 2,000 students who had a list of demands focusing on more student representation in college administration.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fried|first=Joseph P.|title=Disruption at Hunter Is Ended After 200 Policemen Are Called|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 3, 1970|page=20}}</ref> Across CUNY, students boycotted their campuses in 1970 to protest a rise in student fees and other issues, including the proposed (and later implemented) open admissions plan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fosburgh|first=Lacey|title=City U. Boycotted by Students Protesting Proposed Fee Rise|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 30, 1970|page=36}}</ref>

Like many college campuses in 1970, CUNY faced a number of [[Student Strike of 1970|protests and demonstrations]] after the [[Kent State shootings|Kent State massacre]] and [[Cambodian Campaign]]. The Administrative Council of the City University of New York sent U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]] a telegram in 1970 stating, "No nation can long endure the alienation of the best of its young people."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lelyveld|first=Joseph|title=Protests on Cambodia and Kent State Are Joined by Many Local Schools|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/06/archives/protests-on-cambodia-and-kent-state-are-joined-by-many-local.html|access-date=May 23, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 6, 1970}}</ref> Some colleges, including [[John Jay College of Criminal Justice]], historically the "college for cops," held teach-ins in addition to student and faculty protests.<ref>{{cite news|last=Montgomery|first=Paul L.|title=John Jay College Gets Protests Too: Activity Unusual at School Attended by Policemen|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/10/archives/john-jay-college-gets-protests-too-activity-unusual-at-school.html|access-date=May 23, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 10, 1970}}</ref>

In April 2024, CUNY students joined [[List of pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in the United States in 2024|other campuses across the United States]] in protests against the Israel–Hamas war.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Land |first=Olivia |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Anti-Israel protesters who set up 'intifada' tent camp at state-funded NYC college seen pushing school security in dramatic video |url=https://nypost.com/2024/04/25/us-news/anti-israel-protesters-set-up-city-college-encampment/ |access-date=April 29, 2024 |work=New York Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bullaro |first=Grace Russo |date=April 26, 2024 |title=Student Protests Spread to CUNY Where Many Identify with the Marginalized Gazans |url=https://lavocedinewyork.com/en/new-york/2024/04/26/student-protests-spread-to-cuny-where-many-identify-with-the-marginalized-gazans/ |access-date=April 29, 2024 |work=VNY}}</ref> The student protestors demanded that CUNY divest from companies with ties to Israel and that CUNY officials cancel any upcoming trips to Israel and protect students involved in the demonstrations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kriegstein |first=Brittany |date=April 25, 2024 |title=City College students form 3rd major campus encampment to demand divestment from Israel |url=https://gothamist.com/news/city-college-students-form-3rd-major-campus-encampment-to-demand-divestment-from-israel |access-date=April 29, 2024 |work=Gothamist}}</ref>