Editing Citation (section)

== Systems ==
Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.<ref name="ELhelpdesk">{{cite web |last=Pantcheva |first=Marina |date=nd |title=Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems |url=https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |website=site.uit.no |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701114257/https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE) adds a third, the'' citation-name system''.<ref name="council2006scientific">Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.</ref>

=== Vancouver system ===
{{main|Vancouver system}}
The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver (Numbering) |url=https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB}}</ref> The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name.

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without'' a full bibliography could look like:

:"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance."<sup>1</sup>

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

:1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like:

:1. Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' 45–60.

The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this:

:Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |title=How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes |access-date=2010-01-31 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616071855/http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Parenthetical referencing ===
{{main|Parenthetical referencing}}
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.<ref>{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|access-date=26 July 2020|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live}}</ref>

An example of a parenthetical reference:
:"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance" (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60).

Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called "References", "Bibliography", "Works cited" or "Works consulted".

In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a [[tooltip]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140433/https://livereference.org/ Live Reference Initiative]}}. Retrieved 2012-04-28.</ref> This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience.