Editing Circumflex (section)

==== Length ====
The circumflex accent marks a [[vowel length|long vowel]] in the [[orthography]] or [[transliteration]] of several languages.

* In [[Afrikaans]], the circumflex marks a [[vowel]] with a lengthened pronunciation, often arising from [[compensatory lengthening]] due to the loss of {{angbr|g}} from the original [[Dutch language|Dutch]] form. Examples of circumflex use in Afrikaans are ''sê'' "to say", ''wêreld'' "world", ''môre'' "tomorrow", ''brûe'' "bridges".
* In the transliteration of [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], the circumflex indicates a long vowel resulting from an [[aleph]] contraction.
* In western [[Cree language|Cree]], [[Sauk language (Algonquian)|Sauk]], and [[Saulteaux language|Saulteaux]], the Algonquianist Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) indicates long vowels {{IPA|[aː eː iː oː~uː]}} either with a circumflex ⟨''â ê î ô''⟩ or with a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]] ⟨''ā ē ī ō''⟩.
* The PDA orthography for [[Domari language|Domari]] uses circumflex-bearing vowels for length.
* In [[Emilian dialect|Emilian]], ''â î û'' are used to represent {{IPA|[aː, iː, uː]}}
* [[French language|French]]. In some varieties, such as in [[Belgian French]], [[Swiss French]] and [[Acadian French]], vowels with a circumflex are long: ''fête'' {{IPA|[fɛːt]}} (party) is longer than ''faite'' {{IPA|[fɛt]}}. This [[compensatory lengthening|length compensates]] for a deleted consonant, usually ''s''. French words with deleted ''s'' include châtain and hôpital.
* [[Friulian language|Standard Friulian]].
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In the [[Nihon-shiki]] system of [[Romaji|romanization]], the circumflex is used to indicate long vowels. The [[Kunrei-shiki]] system, which is based on Nihon-shiki system, also uses the circumflex. The Traditional and Modified forms of the [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]] system use the [[macron (diacritic)|macron]] for this purpose, though some users may use the circumflex as a substitute if there are difficulties inputting the macron, as the two diacritics are visually similar.
* [[Jèrriais]].
* In [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]] romanization system for [[Khmer language|Khmer]], ''â'' is used to represent {{IPA|[ɑː]}}, ''ê'' {{IPA|[ae]}} in first series and {{IPA|[ɛː]}} in second series, and ''ô'' for {{IPA|[ɔː]}}. There are also additional vowels which are [[diphthong]]s such as ''aô'' {{IPA|[ao]}}, ''âu'' {{IPA|[ʔɨw]}}, ''âm'' {{IPA|[ɑm]}}, ''ŏâm'' {{IPA|[oəm]}} and ''aôh'' {{IPA|[ɑh]}}.
* In [[Kurmanji|Kurmanji Kurdish]], ⟨ê î û⟩ are used to represent {{IPA|/eː iː uː/}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Thackston |first=Wheeler M. |title=Kurmanji Kurdish: A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings |date=2006 |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Kurmanji/kurmanji_1_grammar.pdf |page=11 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |mode=cs1 |via=Iranian Studies at Harvard University |archive-date=June 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616142342/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Kurmanji/kurmanji_1_grammar.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In [[Mikasuki]], circumflexed vowels indicate a rising and falling pitch or tone.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cypress |first=Carol |title=A Dictionary of Miccosukee |date=2006 |publisher=Ah Tah Thi Ki |location=Clewiston, FL, USA}}</ref>
* In [[Adûnaic]], the [[Black Speech]], and [[Khuzdul]], constructed languages of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], all long vowels are transcribed with the circumflex. In [[Sindarin]], another of Tolkien's languages, long vowels in [[syllable|polysyllabic]] words take the [[acute accent|acute]], but a circumflex in monosyllables, to mark a [[phoneme|non-phonemic]] extra lengthening.