Editing Cinchona (section)

===Early references===
The [[Antipyretic|febrifugal]] properties of bark from trees now known to be in the genus ''Cinchona'' were used by many South American cultures prior to European contact.<ref name="Crawford-2014">{{Cite journal|last=Crawford|first=Matthew James|date=2014-01-01|title=An Empire's Extract: Chemical Manipulations of Cinchona Bark in the Eighteenth-Century Spanish Atlantic World |journal=Osiris|volume=29|issue=1|pages=215–229|doi=10.1086/678104|pmid=26103756|s2cid=10411353|issn=0369-7827}}</ref> [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] played a key role in the transfer of remedies from the [[New World]].

The traditional story connecting ''Cinchona'' species with malaria treatment was first recorded by Italian physician [[Sebastiano Bado]] in 1663.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bado |first=Sebastiano |title=Anastasis corticis Peruviae, seu Chinae Chinae defensio, Sebastiani Badi Genuensis [...] Contra Ventilationes Ioannis Iacobi Chifletii, gemitusque Vopisci Fortunati Plempii |publisher=Petrus Joannes Calenzani |year=1663 |location=Genoa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meyer|first1=Christian G.|last2=Marks|first2=Florian|last3=May|first3=Jürgen|date=2004-12-01|title=Editorial: Gin tonic revisited |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health|language=en|volume=9|issue=12|pages=1239–1240|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01357.x|issn=1365-3156|pmid=15598254|s2cid=24261782|doi-access=free}}</ref> It tells of the wife of [[Luis Jerónimo de Cabrera, 4th Count of Chinchón]] and [[Viceroy of Peru]], who fell ill in [[Lima]] with a tertian fever. A Spanish governor advised a traditional remedy, which resulted in a miraculous and rapid cure. The countess then supposedly ordered a large quantity of the bark and took it back to Europe. Bado claimed to have received this information from an Italian named Antonius Bollus, who was a merchant in Peru. Clements Markham identified the countess as Ana de Osorio, but this was shown to be incorrect by Haggis.<ref name="haggis" /> Ana de Osorio married the Count of Chinchón in August 1621 and died in 1625, several years before the count was appointed viceroy of Peru in 1628. His second wife, Francisca Henriques de Ribera, accompanied him to Peru. Haggis further examined the count's diaries and found no mention of the countess suffering from fever, although the count himself had many malarial attacks.<ref name="haggis" /> Because of these and numerous other discrepancies, Bado's story has been generally rejected as little more than a legend.

Quina bark was mentioned by [[Antonio de la Calancha|Fray Antonio de La Calancha]] in 1638 as coming from a tree in [[Loja, Ecuador|Loja]] (Loxa). He noted that bark powder weighing about two coins was cast into water and drunk to cure fevers and "tertians". Jesuit Father [[Bernabé Cobo]] (1582–1657) also wrote on the "fever tree" in 1653. The legend was popularized in English literature by Markham, and in 1874, he also published a "plea for the correct spelling of the genus ''Chinchona''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924020106831|title=A memoir of the Lady Ana de Osorio Countess of Chinchon and Vice-queen of Peru|author=Markham, Clements|publisher=Trubner & Co.|year=1874|place=London}}</ref><ref name="markham1880">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924000273429|title=Peruvian bark. A popular account of the introduction of Chinchona cultivation into British India. 1800-1880|author=Markham, Clements|publisher=John Murray|year=1880|place=London}}</ref> Spanish physician and botanist [[Nicolás Monardes]] wrote of a New World bark powder used in Spain in 1574, and another physician, Juan Fragoso, wrote of bark powder from an unknown tree in 1600 that was used for treating various ills. Both identify the sources as trees that do not bear fruit and have heart-shaped leaves; they were suggested to have been referring to ''Cinchona'' species.<ref name=fragoso>{{cite journal|doi=10.3366/anh.1995.22.2.169|title=Fragoso, Monardes and pre-Chinchonian knowledge of Cinchona|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=22|issue=2|pages=169–181|year=1995|last1=Crespo|first1=Fernando I. Ortiz}}</ref>

The name ''quina-quina'' or ''quinquina'' was suggested as an old name for ''Cinchona'' used in Europe and based on the native name used by the [[Quechua people]] which means 'bark of barks'. Italian sources spelt ''quina'' as "''cina''", which was a source of confusion with ''[[Smilax]]'' from China.<ref name=cinch>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/sce.3730320205|title=The history and importance of cinchona bark as an anti-malarial febrifuge|journal=Science Education|volume=32|issue=2|pages=93–103|year=1948|last1=Bergman|first1=George J|bibcode=1948SciEd..32...93B}}</ref> Haggis argued that ''qina'' and Jesuit's bark actually referred to ''Myroxylon peruiferum'', or Peruvian balsam, and that this was an item of importance in Spanish trade in the 1500s. Over time, the bark of ''Myroxylon'' may have been adulterated with the similar-looking bark of what is now known as ''Cinchona''.<ref name=haggis>{{cite journal| title=Fundamental errors in the early history of ''Cinchona''| author=Haggis, A.W.| journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine| volume=10|issue=3–4| year=1941| pages=417–459, 568–592 |url=https://archive.org/details/b2982381x}}</ref> Gradually, the adulterant became the main product that was the key therapeutic ingredient used in malarial therapy. The bark was included as ''Cortex Peruanus'' in the [[Pharmacopoeia|London Pharmacopoeia]] in 1677.