Editing Christopher Marlowe (section)

===Philosophy===
[[File:Sir Walter Ralegh by 'H' monogrammist.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Sir [[Walter Raleigh]], shown here in 1588, was the alleged centre of the "[[The School of Night|School of Atheism]]" ''c.'' 1592.]]
Marlowe was reputed to be an atheist, which held the dangerous implication of being an enemy of God and, by association, the state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Stanley (author)|title=The History of Philosophy 1655–61|publisher=quoted in [[Oxford English Dictionary]]|year=1687}}</ref> With the rise of public fears concerning [[The School of Night]], or "School of Atheism" in the late 16th century, accusations of atheism were closely associated with disloyalty to the Protestant monarchy of England.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Riggs|first1=David|title=The World of Christopher Marlowe|date=2005|publisher=Henry Holt and Co.|isbn=978-0805077551|edition=1st American|page=294|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYhWAgAAQBAJ&q=atheism&pg=PP2|access-date=3 November 2015|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228193647/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYhWAgAAQBAJ&q=atheism&pg=PP2|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some modern historians consider that Marlowe's professed atheism, as with his supposed Catholicism, may have been no more than a sham to further his work as a government spy.{{sfnp|Riggs|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00chen_319/page/n56 38]}} Contemporary evidence comes from Marlowe's accuser in [[Flushing, Netherlands|Flushing]], an informer called [[Richard Baines]]. The governor of Flushing had reported that each of the men had "of malice" accused the other of instigating the counterfeiting and of intending to go over to the Catholic "enemy"; such an action was considered atheistic by the [[Church of England]]. Following Marlowe's arrest in 1593, Baines submitted to the authorities a "note containing the opinion of one Christopher Marly concerning his damnable judgment of religion, and scorn of God's word".<ref>For a full transcript, see [http://www.rey.myzen.co.uk/baines1.htm Peter Farey's Marlowe page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024355/http://www.rey.myzen.co.uk/baines1.htm |date=4 March 2016 }} (Retrieved 30 April 2012).</ref> Baines attributes to Marlowe a total of eighteen items which "scoff at the pretensions of the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]" such as, "Christ was a bastard and his mother dishonest [unchaste]", "the woman of Samaria and her sister were whores and that Christ knew them dishonestly", "St [[John the Evangelist]] was bedfellow to Christ and leaned always in his bosom" (cf. John 13:23–25) and "that he used him as the sinners of [[Sodom and Gomorrah|Sodom]]".<ref name="steane">{{cite book|last=Steane|first=J. B.|title=Introduction to Christopher Marlowe: The Complete Plays|publisher=Penguin|year=1969 |location=Aylesbury, UK|isbn=978-0-14-043037-0|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/completeplays0000marl}}</ref> He also implied that Marlowe had Catholic sympathies. Other passages are merely sceptical in tone: "he persuades men to atheism, willing them not to be afraid of [[bugbear]]s and [[hobgoblins]]". The final paragraph of Baines's document reads:

[[File:ThomasHarriot.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.9|Portrait often claimed to be [[Thomas Harriot]] (1602), which hangs in [[Trinity College, Oxford]]]]
{{Blockquote|These thinges, with many other shall by good & honest witnes be approved to be his opinions and Comon Speeches, and that this Marlowe doth not only hould them himself, but almost into every Company he Cometh he persuades men to Atheism willing them not to be afeard of bugbeares and hobgoblins, and vtterly scorning both god and his ministers as I Richard Baines will Justify & approue both by mine oth and the testimony of many honest men, and almost al men with whome he hath Conversed any time will testify the same, and as I think all men in Cristianity ought to indevor that the mouth of so dangerous a member may be stopped, he saith likewise that he hath quoted a number of Contrarieties oute of the Scripture which he hath giuen to some great men who in Convenient time shalbe named. When these thinges shalbe Called in question the witnes shalbe produced.<ref name="bainesnote">{{cite web|title=The 'Baines Note'|url=http://www.rey.myzen.co.uk/baines1.htm|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024355/http://www.rey.myzen.co.uk/baines1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Similar examples of Marlowe's statements were given by [[Thomas Kyd]] after his imprisonment and possible torture (see above); Kyd and Baines connect Marlowe with mathematician [[Thomas Harriot]]'s and Sir [[Walter Raleigh]]'s circle.<ref name="Peter Farey's Marlowe page"/> Another document claimed about that time that "one Marlowe is able to show more sound reasons for Atheism than any divine in England is able to give to prove divinity, and that ... he hath read the Atheist lecture to Sir Walter Raleigh and others".<ref name="steane"/>{{efn|The so-called 'Remembrances' against Richard Cholmeley.<ref>For a full transcript, see [http://www.rey.myzen.co.uk/chumley1.htm Peter Farey's Marlowe page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125220642/http://www.rey.myzen.co.uk/chumley1.htm |date=25 January 2016 }}. (Retrieved 30 April 2015)</ref>}}

Some critics believe that Marlowe sought to disseminate these views in his work and that he identified with his rebellious and iconoclastic protagonists.<ref>Waith, Eugene. ''The Herculean Hero in Marlowe, Chapman, Shakespeare, and Dryden''. Chatto and Windus, London, 1962. The idea is commonplace, though by no means universally accepted.</ref> Plays had to be approved by the [[Master of the Revels]] before they could be performed and the censorship of publications was under the control of the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]. Presumably these authorities did not consider any of Marlowe's works to be unacceptable other than the ''Amores''.