Editing Christianity and Judaism (section)

==Law==
{{See also|Antinomianism|Biblical law in Christianity|Christian anarchism}}
Many Jews view Christians as having quite an ambivalent view of the Torah and the laws contained in it: on one hand, Christians speak of it as God's absolute word, but on the other, they apply its commandments with a certain selectivity. Some Jews{{who|date=November 2018}} contend that Christians cite commandments from the Hebrew Bible to support one point of view but then ignore other commandments of a similar class and equal weight. Examples of this are certain commandments that God states explicitly to be a "lasting covenant."<ref>[[NIV]] {{bibleverse|Exodus|31:16–17|niv}}</ref> Some translate the Hebrew as a "perpetual covenant."<ref>{{bibleverse|Exodus|31:16–17|he}}</ref>

Christians explain that such selectivity is based on rulings made by early Jewish Christians in the [[Book of Acts]], at the [[Council of Jerusalem]], that, while believing gentiles did not need to convert to Judaism fully, they should follow some aspects of Torah like avoiding [[idolatry]], [[fornication]], and [[Taboo food and drink#Blood|blood]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Acts|15:28–29}}, {{bibleverse|Acts|21:25}}</ref> This view is also reflected by modern Judaism, in that [[Ger toshav|righteous gentiles]] need not convert to Judaism and need to observe only the [[Noahide laws]], which also contain prohibitions against idolatry and fornication and blood.<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=G#543 Jewish Encyclopedia: Gentiles: Gentiles May Not Be Taught the Torah] states: "[[Jacob Emden|R. Emden]] (), in a remarkable apology for Christianity contained in his appendix to "Seder 'Olam" (pp. 32b–34b, Hamburg, 1752), gives it as his opinion that the original intention of Jesus, and especially of Paul, was to convert only the gentiles to the [[Seven Laws of Noah|seven moral laws of Noah]] and to let the Jews follow the Mosaic law—which explains the apparent contradictions in the New Testament regarding the [[Biblical law in Christianity|laws of Moses]] and the [[Biblical Sabbath|Sabbath]].</ref>

Some Christians{{who|date=November 2018}} agree that Jews who accept Jesus should still observe all of the Torah—see, for example [[dual-covenant theology]]—based on warnings by Jesus to Jews not to use him as an excuse to disregard it,<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|5:19}}</ref> and they support efforts of those such as Messianic Jews ([[Messianic Judaism]] is considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity)<ref name="Denominations">
;[[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]]
:{{cite web
| url = http://www.aish.com/jw/s/48892792.html
| title = Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus
| access-date = 28 July 2010
| last = Simmons
| first = Shraga
| date = 9 May 2009
| publisher = [[Aish HaTorah]]
| quote = Jews do not accept Jesus as the messiah because:{{pb}} #Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies. #Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah. #Biblical verses "referring" to Jesus are mistranslations. #Jewish belief is based on national revelation.
}}
;[[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]]:{{cite web
| url = http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html
| title = Messianic Jews Are Not Jews
| access-date = 14 February 2007
| last = Waxman
| first = Jonathan
| year = 2006
| publisher = [[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]]
| quote = Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Christianity and Judaism, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side.…we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community.
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060628033541/http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html
| archive-date = 28 June 2006
}}
;[[Reform Judaism|Reform]]:{{cite web
| url = http://www.huc.edu/news/mi.html
| title = Missionary Impossible
| access-date = 14 February 2007
| date = 9 August 1999
| publisher = [[Hebrew Union College]]
| quote = Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus", "Messianic Jews", and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries.
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060928080259/http://www.huc.edu/news/mi.html
| archive-date = 28 September 2006
}}
;[[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]]/[[Jewish Renewal|Renewal]]:{{cite web
 | url = https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm
 | title = FAQ's About Jewish Renewal
 | access-date = 20 December 2007
 | year = 2007
 | publisher = Aleph.org
 | quote = '''''What is ALEPH's position on so called messianic Judaism?''''' ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so-called "Messianic Judaism" is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that.
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141023183108/https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm
 | archive-date = 23 October 2014
 }}
</ref><ref name="Berman">{{cite news
| url = http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=21820&sec=59&con=35
| title = Aliyah with a cat, a dog and Jesus
| access-date = 9 August 2010
| last = Berman
| first = Daphna
| date = 10 June 2006
| newspaper = [[Haaretz]]
| quote = In rejecting their petition, Supreme Court Justice [[Menachem Elon]] cited their belief in Jesus. 'In the last two thousand years of history...the Jewish people have decided that messianic Jews do not belong to the Jewish nation...and have no right to force themselves on it,' he wrote, concluding that 'those who believe in Jesus, are, in fact Christians.'
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117214825/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=21820&sec=59&con=35
| archive-date = 17 January 2008
}}
</ref><ref name="Christians">
*{{Cite book
 | last = Harries
 | first = Richard
 | author-link = Richard Harries, Baron Harries of Pentregarth
 | title = After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust
 |date=August 2003
 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
 | location = New York City
 | isbn = 0-19-926313-2
 | page = g. 119
 | chapter = Should Christians Try to Convert Jews?
 | quote = Thirdly, there is Jews for Jesus or, more generally, Messianic Judaism. This is a movement of people often of Jewish background who have come to believe Jesus is the expected Jewish messiah....They often have congregations independent of other churches and specifically target Jews for conversion to their form of Christianity.
 | lccn = 2003273342|no-pp=yes
}}
*{{Cite book
 | last = Kessler
 | first = Edward
 | editor = Edward Kessler
 | editor2 = Neil Wenborn
 | title = A dictionary of Jewish-Christian relations 
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QkI_JNv3rIwC| year = 2005
 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
 | location = [[Cambridge]]; New York
 | isbn = 978-0-521-82692-1
 | oclc = 60340826
 | pages = 292–293
 | chapter = Messianic Jews
 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QkI_JNv3rIwC&q=Christian+view+of+Messianic+Judaism&pg=PA292
 | quote = Messianic Judaism is proactive in seeking Jewish converts and is condemned by the vast majority of the Jewish community. Although a Jewish convert to Christianity may still be categorised a Jew according to a strict interpretation of the '''''halakhah''''' (Jewish law), most Jews are adamantly opposed to the idea that one can convert to Christianity and still remoan a Jew or be considered part of Jewish life. From a mainstream Christian perspective Messianic Judaisms can also provoke hostility for misrepresenting Christianity.
 | lccn = 2005012923
}}
*{{Cite book
 | last = Harris-Shapiro
 | first = Carol
 | author-link = Carol Harris-Shapiro
 | title = Messianic Judaism: A Rabbi's Journey Through Religious Change in America
 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=72QTLABTllwC| year = 1999
 | publisher = [[Beacon Press]]
 | location = [[Boston]], Massachusetts
 | isbn = 0-8070-1040-5
 | oclc = 45729039
 | pages = g. 3
 | chapter = Studying the Messianic Jews
 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=72QTLABTllwC&q=Christian+relationship+to+Messianic+Judaism&pg=PA118
 | quote = And while many evangelical Churches are openly supportive of Messianic Judaism, they treat it as an ethnic church squarely within evangelical Christianity, rather than as a separate entity.
 | lccn = 98054864
 }}
*[[Ed Stetzer|Stetzer, Ed]] (13 October 2005). [http://www.christianindex.org/1657.article "A Missional Church"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723215712/http://www.christianindex.org/1657.article |date=23 July 2011 }}, ''The Christian Index''. "Missional churches are indigenous. Churches that are indigenous have taken root in the soil and reflect, to some degree, the culture of their community...  The messianic congregation (is)... in this case indigenous to Jewish culture."
</ref> to do that, but some Protestant forms of Christianity{{which|date= November 2018}} oppose all observance of the Mosaic law, even by Jews, which [[Martin Luther|Luther]] [[Martin Luther#Antinomian controversy|criticised as antinomianism]].

A minority view in Christianity, known as [[Christian Torah-submission]], holds that the Mosaic law as it is written is binding on all followers of God under the New Covenant, even for gentiles, because it views God's commands as "everlasting"<ref>{{bibleverse|Psalm|119:152}}, {{bibleverse|Psalm|119:160}}; {{bibleverse|Exodus|12:24}}, {{bibleverse|Exodus|29:9}}; {{bibleverse|Leviticus|16:29}}</ref> and "good."<ref>{{bibleverse|Nehemiah|9:13}}; {{bibleverse|Psalm|119:39}}; {{bibleverse|Romans|7:7–12}}</ref>