Editing Chinese Indonesians (section)

=== Chinese in the archipelago under Dutch East India Company rule (1600–1799) ===
{{see also|Kongsi republic}}

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Optocht tijdens het Tjap Go Meh feest TMnr 3728-838.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Lantern Festival|Cap Go Meh]] festival painting in [[Java Island]] by Dutch painter, circa 1883 and 1889]]

By the time the Dutch arrived in the early 17th century, major Chinese settlements existed along the north coast of Java. Most were traders and merchants, but they also practiced agriculture in inland areas. The Dutch contracted many of these immigrants as skilled artisans in the [[History of Jakarta|construction of Batavia (Jakarta)]] on the northwestern coast of Java.{{sfn|Tan|2005|p=796}} A recently created harbor was selected as the new headquarters of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (''{{lang|nl|Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie}}'', VOC) in 1609 by [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]]. It grew into a major hub for trade with China and India. Batavia became home to the largest Chinese community in the archipelago and remains so in the 21st century.{{sfn|Heidhues|1999|p=152}} Coen and other early [[governor-general of the Dutch East Indies|governors-general]] promoted the entry of Chinese immigrants to new settlements "for the benefit of those places and for the purpose of gathering spices like [[clove]]s, [[nutmeg]], and mace".{{sfn|Phoa|1992|p=9}} The port's Chinese population of 300–400 in 1619 had grown to at least 10,000 by 1740.{{sfn|Phoa|1992|p=7}} The VOC ruled migrant ethnic groups in Batavia using 'officers' drawn from each community, usually with the title [[Kapitan Cina|''kapitan'']] or ''majoor''. These officers had a high degree of authority over their community and undertook negotiations between the community and VOC authorities.<ref>Leonard Blusse and Chen Menghong, "Introduction", in Leonard Blusse and Chen Menghong, ''The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia'' (Leiden: Brill, 2003), pp. 1-3.</ref> Dutch colonial rule saw the beginning of anti-Chinese policies, including killings and ghettoization.<ref>{{cite news |last=Glionna |first=John M. |date=4 July 2010 |title=In Indonesia, 1998 violence against ethnic Chinese remains unaddressed |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jul-04-la-fg-indonesia-chinese-20100704-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |location=Jakarta, Indonesia}}</ref>

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Pas in Nederlands-Indië aangekomen Chinese arbeiders wachten op het terrein van de Deli Planters Vereniging (DPV) op het opmaken van de immigratiecontracten TMnr 60014328.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Several dozen men are in squatting positions in front of building. Inside, men dressed in white are sitting behind tables and standing by.|Chinese workers from [[Shantou|Swatow]], [[Guangdong|Canton]] province, [[China]], await the preparation of their contracts by immigration officials at Medan's labor inspectorate, [[Belawan]], [[North Sumatra]] {{circa}} 1920–1940]]

Most of those who settled in the archipelago had already severed their ties with the mainland and welcomed favorable treatment and protection under the Dutch.{{sfn|Phoa|1992|p=8}} Some became revenue farmers, middlemen within the corporate structure of the VOC, tasked with collecting [[tariff|export–import duties]] and managing the harvest of natural resources;{{sfn|Phoa|1992|p=10}} although this was highly profitable, it earned the enmity of the ''pribumi'' population. Others worked as [[opium]] farmers.{{sfn|Reid|2007|pp=44–47}} Following the [[1740 Batavia massacre]] and [[Java War (1741—1743)|ensuing war]], in which the Chinese rebelled against the Dutch,{{sfn|Setiono|2003|pp=125–137}} the Dutch attempted to place a quota on the number of Chinese who could enter the Indies. [[Xiamen|Amoy]] was designated as the only immigration port to the archipelago, and ships were limited to a specified number of crew and passengers depending on size. This quota was adjusted at times to meet demand for overseas workers, such as in July 1802 when sugar mills near Batavia were in need of workers.{{sfn|Hellwig|Tagliacozzo|2009|p=168}}

Han Chinese ''peranakan'' rebels and Javanese Muslims both fought against the Dutch in the Java war in 1741 while Madurese Muslims allied with the Dutch. The Javanese Susuhunan Pakubuwana II joined the Chinese against the Dutch while the Dutch relieved the Madurese prince of his allegiance to the Susuhunan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raffles |first=Thomas Stamford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOhCAAAAcAAJ&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&pg=PA219 |title=The History of Java, Volume 2 |date=1817 |publisher= |isbn= |location= |page=219 |quote=... and accepted by the Pangéran , who being married to a sister of the Susúnan , returned his wife back to her brother . No sooner had he declared himself the ally of the Dutch , than he ordered all the Chinese on the island of Madúra ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Remmelink |first=Willem G. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZVuAAAAMAAJ&q=madurese+sister+married+chinese |title=The Chinese War and the Collapse of the Javanese State, 1725-1743, Volume 163 |date=1994 |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=906718067X |volume=162 of Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Leiden: Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |location= |page=60 |issn=1572-1892 |quote=The present Pangeran Cakraningrat of Madura showed all signs of following the path of his forebears . ... Cakraningrat had married Raden Ayu Bengkring , Pakubuwana's only sister german , who was very close to her brother . |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Raffles |first=Thomas Stamford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49ZaDwAAQBAJ&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&pg=PA720 |title=The History of Java: Volume I, Volume 1 |date=2018 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3732673445 |location= |page=720 |quote=The Chinese, besides laying siege to Semárang, had also[Vol II Pg241] by this time taken and destroyed Rémbang. ... and accepted by the Pangéran, who being married to a sister of the Susúnan, returned his wife back to ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Remmelink |first=Willem Gerrit Jan |title=Emperor Pakubuwana II, Priyayi & Company and the Chinese War |date=1990 |publisher=W.G.J. Remmelink |isbn= |location= |page=260 |quote=Married to a daughter of the sister of the wife of Danureja . During the Sunan's flight ... chosen the side of the Company and chased out the Madurese . ... He was married to a sister of Wiratmaja the 260 Pakubuwana II and the Chinese War. |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Raffles |first=Sir Thomas Stamford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJEC2q7DzpQC&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&pg=PA241 |title=The History of Java, Volume 2 |date=1830 |publisher=J. Murray |isbn= |edition=2 |location= |page=241 |quote=... and accepted by the Pangéran, who being married to a sister of the Susúnan, returned his wife back to her brother. No sooner had he declared himself the ally of the Dutch, than he ordered all the Chinese on the island of Madúra ... |author-link=}}</ref>

[[Han Siong Kong]] founded the [[Han family of Lasem]] at this time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reeve |first=David |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MX_wBgAAQBAJ&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&pg=PA257 |title= The Politics of the Periphery in Indonesia: Social and Geographical Perspectives|date=2009 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971694791 |editor1-last=Walker |editor1-first=John H. |edition=illustrated |location= |page=257 |chapter=Chapter 13 "More Indonesian than the Indonesians": A Chinese-Indonesian Identity |quote=In the eighth generation of Han Siong Kong's descendants in Java, one Han Loen Nio married Tan Hie Sioe from a successful ... Ong's great-grandfather is thought to have been a schoolteacher in Madura, who later moved to East Java. |author-link= |editor2-last=Banks |editor2-first=Glenn |editor3-last=Sakai |editor3-first=Minako}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UiRTAQAAQBAJ&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&pg=PA210 |title=Java and Modern Europe: Ambiguous Encounters |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1136790850 |location= |page=210 |quote=Wiraguna's sister was Pangeran Patih's widow, who subsequently married the Panembahan of Madura, but then asked the ... a wild and sometimes impenetrable wilderness.35 Production of birds' nests was leased to a Chinese for 850 Spanish ... |author-link=}}</ref>

Chinese who married local Javanese women and converted to Islam created a distinct Chinese Muslim ''[[peranakan]]'' community in Java.<ref name="Ooi2004">{{cite book |author=Ooi |first=Keat Gin |author-link=Keat Gin Ooi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1057 |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |pages=1057–}}</ref> Chinese rarely had to convert to Islam to marry Javanese ''[[abangan]]'' women but a significant amount of their offspring did, and Batavian Muslims absorbed the Chinese Muslim community which was descended from converts.<ref name="ReidAlilunas-Rodgers1996">{{cite book|author1=Anthony Reid|author2=Kristine Alilunas-Rodgers|title=Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFIGVqZ9ZKsC&pg=PA75|year=1996|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2446-4|pages=75–}}</ref> Adoption of Islam back then was a marker of ''peranakan'' status which it no longer means. The Semaran Adipati and the Jayaningrat families were of Chinese origin.<ref name="Remmelink1990">{{cite book|author=Willem G. J. Remmelink|title=Emperor Pakubuwana II, Priyayi & Company and the Chinese War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6wuAQAAIAAJ&q=The+general+term+for+Javanized+Chinese+was+peranakan,+which+nowadays+simply+means+locally+born,+but+at+the+time+also|year=1990|publisher=W.G.J. Remmelink|page=136}}</ref><ref name="Remmelink1994">{{cite book|author=Willem G. J. Remmelink|title=The Chinese war and the collapse of the Javanese state, 1725-1743|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZVuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+general+term+for+Javanized+Chinese+was+peranakan,+which+nowadays+simply+means+locally+born,+but+at+the+time+also|year=1994|publisher=KITLV Press|isbn=978-90-6718-067-2|page=136}}</ref>

Dayak women were married by the first Chinese men to settle in Borneo and this was recorded in the Hailu by Xie Qinggao (1765–1822) who was a merchant. After growing their initial population through this they began marrying each other's daughters.<ref>{{cite book |last=Andaya |first=Barbara Watson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5cBEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22they+do+not+know+modesty+or+shame%22%22&pg=PA146 |title=The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia |date=2006 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0824864727 |edition=illustrated |series=UPCC book collections on Project MUSE |location= |page=146 |quote=They do not know modesty or shame." He was happy to be able to report that "when the population had grown," the Chinese began "to arrange marriages among ... |author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://epdf.pub/the-flaming-womb-repositioning-women-in-early-modern-southeast-asia.html | title=The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia - PDF Free Download}}</ref>

Peranakan community formed from local women in Java, Batavia marrying Hokkien Chinese migrants and they followed Chinese folk religion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dobbin |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUEYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |title=Asian Entrepreneurial Minorities: Conjoint Communities in the Making of the World Economy, 1570-1940 |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1136786938 |location= |page=57=}}</ref> Pure blood totok Chinese dominated Semarang after swamping out Peranakan Chinese when migrating in the late 18th century. However they intermarried with Peranakans from Batavia. Han Siong Kong of the [[Han family of Lasem]] moved to Lasem in east Java, from his home of Zhangzhou in Fujian and his wife was not Chinese. Four of his sons married Peranakan women and one son of his married a Javanese woman and converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dobbin |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUEYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |title=Asian Entrepreneurial Minorities: Conjoint Communities in the Making of the World Economy, 1570-1940 |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1136786938 |location= |page=57}}</ref>