Editing Chinatown (section)

===Outside of Asia===
[[File:Chinese Arch Little Bourke St Melbourne.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Chinatown, Melbourne]] is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the [[Western World]] and the oldest Chinatown in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinatownmelbourne.com.au/|title=Chinatown Melbourne|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-date=January 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125022815/http://chinatownmelbourne.com.au/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ABOUTMELBOURNE/HISTORY/Pages/multiculturalhistory.aspxt|title=Melbourne's multicultural history|publisher=[[City of Melbourne]]|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-date=September 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930190838/https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/about-melbourne/melbourne-heritage/Pages/melbourne-heritage.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://matadornetwork.com/trips/worlds-8-most-colorful-chinatowns/|title=World's 8 most colourful Chinatowns|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-date=January 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131130906/http://matadornetwork.com/trips/worlds-8-most-colorful-chinatowns/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The essential guide to Chinatown |url=https://www.melbournefoodandwine.com.au/read-watch/latest-news/news/the-essential-guide-to-chinatown-920 |website=Melbourne Food and Wine Festival |date=3 February 2021 |publisher=Food + Drink Victoria |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234525/https://www.melbournefoodandwine.com.au/read-watch/latest-news/news/the-essential-guide-to-chinatown-920 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Many Chinese immigrants arrived in Liverpool in the late 1850s in the employ of the [[Blue Funnel Shipping Line]], a [[cargo ship|cargo transport]] company established by [[Alfred Holt]]. The [[Commerce|commercial]] [[shipping line]] created strong [[Economic history of China (pre-1911)|trade]] links between the cities of [[Shanghai]], [[Hong Kong]], and Liverpool, mainly in the importation of silk, cotton, and [[tea]].<ref name="LCBA">{{cite web|title=History of Liverpool Chinatown |publisher=The Liverpool Chinatown Business Association |url=http://web.ukonline.co.uk/lcba/ba/history.html |access-date=31 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124032329/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/lcba/ba/history.html |archive-date=24 January 2010 }}</ref> They settled near the docks in south Liverpool, this area was heavily bombed during World War II, causing the Chinese community moving to the current  location [[Chinatown, Liverpool|Liverpool Chinatown]] on Nelson Street.

The [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown in San Francisco]] is one of the largest in North America and the oldest north of Mexico. It served as a port of entry for early Chinese immigrants from the 1850s to the 1900s.<ref>[https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/191373 Documentary film about the early history of San Francisco's Chinatown] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106231830/https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/191373 |date=2014-01-06 }}, KPIX-TV, 1963.</ref> The area was the one geographical region deeded by the city government and private property owners which allowed Chinese persons to inherit and inhabit dwellings within the city. Many Chinese found jobs working for large companies seeking a source of labor, most famously as part of the [[Central Pacific Railroad|Central Pacific]]<ref name="Foster 2001">{{cite book|author=Lee Foster|title=Northern California History Weekends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VA0GAmdjK4C|access-date=26 December 2011|date=1 October 2001|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-1076-8|page=13}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> on the [[First transcontinental railroad in North America|Transcontinental Railroad]]. Since it started in [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]], that city had a notable Chinatown for almost a century.<ref>Roenfeld, R. (2019) [https://northomahahistory.com/2019/03/05/a-history-of-omahas-chinatown-by-ryan-roenfeld/ "A History of Omaha's Chinatown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044231/https://northomahahistory.com/2019/03/05/a-history-of-omahas-chinatown-by-ryan-roenfeld/ |date=March 6, 2019 }}, NorthOmahaHistory.com. Retrieved March 5, 2019.</ref> Other cities in North America where Chinatowns were founded in the mid-nineteenth century include almost every major settlement along the West Coast from [[San Diego]] to [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]. Other early immigrants worked as mine workers or independent prospectors hoping to strike it rich during the 1849 [[Gold Rush]].

Economic opportunity drove the building of further Chinatowns in the United States. The initial Chinatowns were built in the [[Western United States]] in states such as [[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Idaho]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]] and [[Arizona]]. As the [[transcontinental railroad]] was built, more Chinatowns started to appear in railroad towns such as [[St. Louis]], [[Chicago]], [[Cincinnati]], [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Butte, Montana]]. Chinatowns then subsequently emerged in many [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast cities]], including [[Chinatown, Manhattan|New York City]], [[Chinatown, Boston|Boston]], [[Chinatown, Philadelphia|Philadelphia]], [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] and [[Baltimore]]. With the passage of the [[Emancipation Proclamation]], many [[American South|southern states]] such as [[Arkansas]], [[Louisiana]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] began to hire Chinese for work in place of slave labor.<ref name="Okihiro 2015">{{cite book|last=Okihiro|first=Gary Y.|title=American History Unbound: Asians and Pacific Islanders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WaowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|year=2015|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-27435-8|page=201|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502225136/https://books.google.com/books?id=WaowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|archive-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>

The history of Chinatowns was not always peaceful, especially when [[labor dispute]]s arose. Racial tensions flared when lower-paid Chinese workers replaced white miners in many mountain-area Chinatowns, such as in Wyoming with the [[Rock Springs Massacre]]. Many of these frontier Chinatowns became extinct as American racism surged and the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] was passed.

In Australia, the [[Victorian gold rush]], which began in 1851, attracted Chinese prospectors from the [[Guangdong]] area. A community began to form in the eastern end of [[Little Bourke Street]], [[Melbourne]] by the mid-1850s; the area is still the center of the [[Melbourne Chinatown]], making it the oldest continuously occupied Chinatown in a western city (since the San Francisco one was destroyed and rebuilt). Gradually expanding, it reached a peak in the early 20th century, with Chinese business, mainly furniture workshops, occupying a block wide swath of the city, overlapping into the adjacent [[Little Lon district|'Little Lon]]' red light district. With restricted immigration it shrunk again, becoming a strip of Chinese restaurants by the late 1970s, when it was celebrated with decorative arches. However, with a recent huge influx of students from mainland China, it is now the center of a much larger area of noodle shops, travel agents, restaurants, and groceries. The [[Australian gold rushes]] also saw the development of a Chinatown in [[Sydney]], at first around [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], near the docks, but it has moved twice, first in the 1890s to the east side of the Haymarket area, near the new markets, then in the 1920s concentrating on the west side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown|title=Chinatown|website=Dictionary of Sydney|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427115045/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown|url-status=live}}</ref> Nowadays, [[Chinatown, Sydney|Sydney's Chinatown]] is centered on Dixon Street.

Other Chinatowns in European capitals, including [[Quartier Asiatique|Paris]] and [[Chinatown, London|London]], were established at the turn of the 20th century. The first Chinatown in London was located in the [[Limehouse]] area of the [[East End of London]]<ref>Sales, Rosemary; d'Angelo, Alessio; Liang, Xiujing; Montagna, Nicola. "London's Chinatown" in Donald, Stephanie; Kohman, Eleonore; Kevin, Catherine. (eds) (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wVJkryx7cJAC&pg=PA45 ''Branding Cities: Cosmopolitanism, Parochialism, and Social Change''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212165201/https://books.google.com/books?id=wVJkryx7cJAC&pg=PA45 |date=February 12, 2024 }}. [[Routledge]]. pp. 45–58.</ref> at the start of the 20th century. The Chinese population engaged in business which catered to the Chinese sailors who frequented the [[London Docklands|Docklands]]. The area acquired a bad reputation from exaggerated reports of [[opium den]]s and [[slum housing]].

France received a large settlement of Chinese immigrant laborers, mostly from the city of [[Wenzhou]], in the [[Zhejiang]] province of China. Significant Chinatowns sprung up in [[Belleville, Paris|Belleville]] and the [[13th arrondissement of Paris]].
{{Gallery |align=center
|File:Chinatown manhattan 2009.JPG|[[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan's Chinatown]], the largest concentration of [[Chinese people]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]]<ref name="Manhattan Chinatown Largest Concentration Chinese Western Hemisphere">{{cite web|url=https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown|title=Chinatown New York|publisher=Civitatis New York|quote=As its name suggests, Chinatown is where the largest population of Chinese people live in the Western Hemisphere.|access-date=November 30, 2020|archive-date=April 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404164227/https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fact-sheet" /> and one of [[Chinese Americans in New York City|nine Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City]],<ref name="NYC Twelve Chinatowns">{{cite web|url=https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc|title=Believe It or Not, New York City Has Nine Chinatowns|author=Stefanie Tuder|publisher=EATER NY|date=February 25, 2019|access-date=November 30, 2020|archive-date=February 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226081349/https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as one of twelve in the surrounding [[New York metropolitan area]]|File: Brooklyn_Chinatown.png|[[Chinatowns in Brooklyn|Brooklyn]], the [[Boroughs (New York City)|borough]] with the highest number of [[Chinese people in New York City|Chinatowns in New York City]]
|File:San Francisco Chinatown.jpg|[[Chinatown, San Francisco]], the oldest Chinatown in the US
|File:Boston Chinatown Paifang.jpg|[[Chinatown, Boston]], a Chinatown inspired and developed on the basis of modern [[engineering]] concepts
|File:Friendship Gate Chinatown Philadelphia from west.jpg|[[Chinatown, Philadelphia]], the recipient of significant [[Chinese emigration|Chinese immigration]] from both [[Chinese people in New York City|New York City]]<ref name="Chinese NYC to Philadelphia">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html|title=Leaving New York to Find the American Dream in Philadelphia|author=Matt Katz|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 20, 2018|access-date=November 10, 2019|archive-date=August 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001508/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and China<ref name="Philadelphia Foreign Born">{{cite news|url=https://www.philly.com/news/immigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html|title=Welcome to Philly: Percentage of foreign-born city residents has doubled since 1990|author=Jeff Gammage|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=May 10, 2019|access-date=November 10, 2019|quote=China is, far and away, the primary sending country, with 22,140 city residents who make up about 11 percent of the foreign-born population, according to a Pew Charitable Trusts analysis of Census data.|archive-date=May 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510180258/https://www.philly.com/news/immigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|File:Chinese Arch - geograph.org.uk - 1021559.jpg|[[Chinatown, Liverpool|Liverpool's Chinatown]], the oldest Chinatown in Europe
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