Editing Child labour (section)

===Early 20th century===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Percentage children working in England and Wales<ref>{{cite book|title=Child Labour in Historical Perspective: 1800-1985|publisher=UNICEF|author=Hugh Cunningham |chapter=Combating Child Labour: The British Experience |editor1=Hugh Cunningham |editor2=Pier Paolo Viazzo|year=1996|pages=41–53 |isbn=978-88-85401-27-3|url=http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/hisper_childlabour_low.pdf#page=43|archive-date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123040832/http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/hisper_childlabour_low.pdf#page=43|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! Census year !! % boys aged 10–14<br />as child labour
|-
| 1881 || 22.9
|-
| 1891 || 26.0
|-
| 1901 || 21.9
|-
| 1911 || 18.3
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |<small>''Note'': These are averages; child labour in [[Lancashire]] was 80%</small>
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |<small>''Source'': Census of England and Wales</small>
|}

In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries. [[Glass production|Glass making]] was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass ({{convert|3133|F}}). When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cuts, and burns. Since workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break. Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00&nbsp;pm to 3:00&nbsp;am. Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Russell |last1=Freedman |first2=Lewis |last2=Hine|title=Kids at work: Lewis Hine and the crusade against child labour|year=1994|publisher=Clarion Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0395587034|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kidsatworklewish00free/page/54 54–57]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/kidsatworklewish00free/page/54}}</ref>

An estimated 1.7 million children under the age of fifteen were employed in American industry by 1900.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://webinstituteforteachers.org/%7Ebobfinn/2003/industrialrevolution.htm |title=The Industrial Revolution |publisher=Web Institute for Teachers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804084618/http://webinstituteforteachers.org/~bobfinn/2003/industrialrevolution.htm |archive-date=4 August 2008 }}</ref>

In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos/ |title=Teaching With Documents: Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labour |website=The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration |date=15 August 2016 |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> This included children who rolled cigarettes,<ref>{{cite web|title=Virginia: Cigarette Rollers|website=userpages.umbc.edu |url=http://userpages.umbc.edu/~arubin/HIST402_SP2007/87C1FBEB4AC722BB805B2CABD2BC32D4.html |first=Matthew |last=Vreatt}}</ref> engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin [[doffer]]s in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries.<ref>[http://userpages.umbc.edu/~arubin/HIST402_SP2007/9B72B3F098F81A13DAA017F591A2D33E.html Child Labour in the South: Essays and Links to photographs from the Lewis Hine Collection at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County].</ref> [[Lewis Hine]]'s photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hine took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the [[National Child Labor Committee]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hine, Lewis|last=Warren |first=L. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFVsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA699 |page=699 |isbn=9781135205430}}</ref>
[[File:Children-working.jpg|thumb|Hard labor for children]]

====Household enterprises====
Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well.<ref name=ep99>{{cite book |title=The Global Construction of Gender - Home based work in Political Economy of 20th Century|last=Prügl|first=Elisabeth|pages=25–31, 50–59|isbn=978-0231115612|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1999}}</ref> Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

Home-based manufacturing operations were active year-round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade Against Child Labour|last=Freedman|first=Russell|publisher=Sandpiper|year=1998|isbn=978-0395797266}}</ref> In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58% of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946, [[Frieda S. Miller]] – then Director of the [[United States Department of Labor]] – told the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) that these home-based operations offered "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions".<ref name=ep99/><ref>{{cite book|title=Miller, Frieda S. Papers, 1909-1973|last=Miller|first=Frieda |publisher=Radcliff College |year=1979|url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00235|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515035148/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00235 |archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Great Agricultural Transition: Crisis, Change, and Social Consequences of Twentieth Century US Farming|author1=Linda Lobao |author2=Katherine Meyer |journal=Annual Review of Sociology|volume= 27|year=2001|pages=103–124|jstor=2678616|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=World Market, State, and Family Farm: Social Bases of Household Production in the Era of Wage Labour|last=Friedmann|first=Harriet|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|year=1978|volume=20|issue=4|pages=545–586|doi=10.1017/S001041750001255X| s2cid=153765098 }}</ref>