Editing Chicano (section)

=== Reclaiming the term ===
{{Main|Pachuco|Pachucas}}
[[File:A man arrested during the Zoot Suit Riots models a zoot suit and pancake hat in a Los Angeles County jail on June 9, 1943.jpg|thumb|245x245px|Frank H. Tellez, a [[Pachuco]] youth, wears a [[zoot suit]] while arrested in the [[Zoot Suit Riots]]. Pachucos were the first to [[Reappropriation|reclaim]] the word ''Chicano'' as a form of pride.<ref name="Macías-2008" />]]
In the 1940s, ''"Chicano"'' was reclaimed by [[Pachuco]] youth as an expression of defiance to [[Anglo-Americans|Anglo-American]] society.<ref name="Macías-2008" /> At the time, ''Chicano'' was used among [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] speakers as a [[classist]] and [[racist slur]] to refer to [[working class]] Mexican Americans in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods. In Mexico, the term was used with ''[[Pocho]]'' "to deride Mexicans living in the United States, and especially their U.S.-born children, for losing their culture, customs, and language."<ref name="Veléz-2010">{{Cite book|last=Veléz|first=Lupe|title=From Bananas to Buttocks: The Latina Body in Popular Film and Culture|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2010|isbn=9780292778498|pages=66–67}}</ref> Mexican anthropologist [[Manuel Gamio]] reported in 1930 that ''Chicamo'' (with an ''m'') was used as a derogatory term by Hispanic Texans for recently arrived Mexican [[Immigration|immigrants]] displaced during the [[Mexican Revolution]] in the beginning of the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gamio|first=Manuel|title=Mexican Immigration to the United States: A Study of Human Migration and Adjustment|date=1930|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=Chicago}}</ref>

By the 1950s, ''Chicano'' referred to those who resisted total assimilation, while ''Pocho'' referred (often [[pejorative]]ly) to those who strongly advocated for assimilation.<ref>See: Adalberto M. Guerrero, Macario Saldate IV, and Salomon R. Baldenegro. [http://www.aache.org/news0999.htm "Chicano: The term and its meanings."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022034412/http://www.aache.org/news0999.htm|date=October 22, 2007}} A paper written for Hispanic Heritage Month, published in the 1999 conference newsletter of the Arizona Association of Chicanos for Higher Education.</ref> In his essay "Chicanismo" in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures'' (2002), [[José Cuéllar]], dates the transition from derisive to positive to the late 1950s, with increasing use by young Mexican-American high school students. These younger, politically aware Mexican Americans adopted the term "as an act of political defiance and ethnic pride", similar to the reclaiming of [[Black people|''Black'']] by [[African Americans]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Herbst|first=Philip|title=The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States|publisher=Intercultural Press|year=2007|isbn=9781877864971|page=47}}</ref> The [[Chicano Movement]] during the 1960s and early 1970s played a significant role in reclaiming ''"Chicano,"'' challenging those who used it as a term of derision on both sides of the [[Mexico–United States border|Mexico-U.S. border]].<ref name="Veléz-2010" />

Demographic differences in the adoption of ''Chicano'' occurred at first. It was more likely to be used by males than females, and less likely to be used among those of higher socioeconomic status. Usage was also generational, with [[Immigrant generations|third-generation]] men more likely to use the word. This group was also younger, more political, and different from traditional Mexican cultural heritage.<ref>Vicki L. Ruiz & Virginia Sanchez Korrol, editors. ''Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia''. [[Indiana University Press]], 2006.</ref><ref>Maria Herrera-Sobek. Chicano folklore; a handbook. Greenwood Press 2006.</ref> ''Chicana'' was a similar classist term to refer to "[a] marginalized, brown woman who is treated as a foreigner and is expected to do menial labor and ask nothing of the society in which she lives."<ref>{{cite video|title=How I Became a Genre-jumper|date=May 25, 2006|people=Ana Castillo|publisher=UCTV Channel 17|location=Santa Barbara, California|medium=TV broadcast of a lecture}}</ref> Among Mexican Americans, ''Chicano'' and ''Chicana'' began to be viewed as a positive identity of [[self-determination]] and political solidarity.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Chicana Subject in Ana Castillo's Fiction and the Discursive Zone of Chicana/o Theory|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ769174&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ769174|work=ERIC.Ed.gov|access-date=October 13, 2008|archive-date=December 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208142450/http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ769174&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ769174|url-status=live}}</ref> In Mexico, ''Chicano'' may still be associated with a [[Mexican Americans|Mexican American]] person of low importance, [[Social class|class]], and poor morals (similar to the terms ''[[Cholo (subculture)|Cholo]]'', [[Majo|''Chulo'']] and ''Majo''), indicating a difference in cultural views.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chicano Art|url=http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects/ca/background.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516000827/http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects/ca/background.htm|archive-date=2007-05-16|quote=Thus, the "Chicano" term carried an inferior, negative connotation because it was usually used to describe a worker who had to move from job to job to be able to survive. Chicanos were the low class Mexican Americans.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=McConnell, Scott|date=1997-12-31|title=Americans no more? – immigration and assimilation|work=National Review|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n25_v49/ai_20208927/pg_4|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013201342/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n25_v49/ai_20208927/pg_4|archive-date=2007-10-13|quote=In the late 1960s, a nascent Mexican-American movement adopted for itself the word "Chicano" (which had a connotation of low class) and broke forth with surprising suddenness.}}</ref><ref name="Alcoff, Linda Martín 2005 395–407">{{cite journal|author=Alcoff, Linda Martín|year=2005|title=Latino vs. Hispanic: The politics of ethnic names|journal=Philosophy & Social Criticism|publisher=SAGE Publications|volume=31|issue=4|pages=395–407|doi=10.1177/0191453705052972|s2cid=144267416}}</ref>