Editing Chatbot (section)

=== Early chatbots ===
Among the most notable early chatbots are ELIZA (1966) and [[PARRY]] (1972).<ref name="Güzeldere" /><ref name="comphis" /><ref name="Sondheim" /><ref name="rfc0439" /> More recent notable programs include [[Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity|A.L.I.C.E.]], [[Jabberwacky]] and D.U.D.E ([[Agence Nationale de la Recherche]] and [[CNRS]] 2006). While ELIZA and PARRY were used exclusively to simulate typed conversation, many chatbots now include other functional features, such as games and [[Search engine|web searching]] abilities. In 1984, a book called ''The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed'' was published, allegedly written by the chatbot [[Racter]] (though the program as released would not have been capable of doing so).<ref>[http://everything2.com/title/The+Policeman%2527s+Beard+is+Half+Constructed The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204175415/http://everything2.com/title/the+policeman%2527s+beard+is+half+constructed|date=4 February 2010}}. everything2.com. 13 November 1999</ref>

From 1978<ref>Kolodner, Janet L. ''[https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA062974 Memory organization for natural language data-base inquiry]''. Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1978.</ref> to some time after 1983,<ref name="Kolodner-19832">{{Cite journal |last=Kolodner |first=Janet L. |date=1 October 1983 |title=Maintaining organization in a dynamic long-term memory |journal=Cognitive Science |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=243–280 |doi=10.1016/S0364-0213(83)80001-9 |doi-broken-date=5 January 2025 |issn=0364-0213 |doi-access=free}}</ref> the CYRUS project led by [[Janet Kolodner]] constructed a chatbot simulating [[Cyrus Vance]] (57th [[United States Secretary of State]]). It used [[case-based reasoning]], and updated its database daily by parsing wire news from [[United Press International]]. The program was unable to process the news items subsequent to the surprise resignation of Cyrus Vance in April 1980, and the team constructed another chatbot simulating his successor, [[Edmund Muskie]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Dennett |first=Daniel C. |title=Can Machines Think? |date=2004 |work=Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker |pages=295–316 |editor-last=Teuscher |editor-first=Christof |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05642-4_12 |access-date=23 July 2023 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-05642-4_12 |isbn=978-3-662-05642-4}}</ref><ref name="Kolodner-19832" />

One pertinent field of AI research is [[Natural language processing|natural-language processing]]. Usually, [[Weak artificial intelligence|weak AI]] fields employ specialized software or programming languages created specifically for the narrow function required. For example, A.L.I.C.E. uses a [[markup language]] called AIML,<ref name="Caldarini-20223" /> which is specific to its function as a [[Dialogue system|conversational agent]], and has since been adopted by various other developers of, so-called, [[Alicebot|Alicebots]]. Nevertheless, A.L.I.C.E. is still purely based on [[pattern matching]] techniques without any reasoning capabilities, the same technique ELIZA was using back in 1966. This is not strong AI, which would require [[sapience]] and [[logical reasoning]] abilities.

Jabberwacky learns new responses and context based on [[Real-time computing|real-time]] [[Human–computer interaction|user interactions]], rather than being driven from a static [[database]]. Some more recent chatbots also combine real-time learning with [[Evolutionary algorithm|evolutionary algorithms]] that optimize their ability to communicate based on each conversation held.

Chatbot competitions focus on the Turing test or more specific goals. Two such annual contests are the [[Loebner Prize]] and The Chatterbox Challenge (the latter has been offline since 2015, however, materials can still be found from web archives).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2015 |title=Chat Robots Simiulate People |url=https://pcsite.co.uk/chat-robots-simulate-people/}}</ref>

[[DBpedia]] created a chatbot during the [[Google Summer of Code|GSoC]] of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=Meet the DBpedia Chatbot &#124; DBpedia |url=https://wiki.dbpedia.org/blog/meet-dbpedia-chatbot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902144929/https://wiki.dbpedia.org/blog/meet-dbpedia-chatbot |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=wiki.dbpedia.org}}</ref> It can communicate through [[Facebook Messenger]].