Editing Charles XII of Sweden (section)

=== Early campaigns ===
[[File:Karl XIIs staty.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Monument to Charles XII in Stockholm, with Charles pointing towards Russia. Stockholmers call this statue "the lion among four pots" ("Lejonet mellan fyra krukor") referring to the mortars. This contrasts with a nearby statue of [[Charles XIII of Sweden|Charles XIII]], which has lions similarly arranged; that statue is known as "the pot among four lions" ("Krukan mellan fyra lejon"), referring to a Swedish slang expression for a klutz.<ref>{{cite book|author=William Pembroke Fetridge|title=The American Traveller's Guide: Harper's Hand-book for Travellers in Europe and the East: Being a Guide Through Great Britain and Ireland, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Italy, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Switzerland, Tyrol, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ppPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA829|year=1875|page=829}}</ref>]]

Around 1700, the monarchs of [[Denmark–Norway]], Saxony (ruled by elector [[August II of Poland]], who was also the king of [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]]) and Russia united in an alliance against Sweden, mainly through the efforts of [[Johann Reinhold Patkul]], a [[Livonian people|Livonian]] nobleman who turned traitor when the [[Reduction (Sweden)|"great reduction"]] of Charles XI in 1680 stripped much of the nobility of lands and properties. In late 1699, Charles sent a minor detachment to reinforce his brother-in-law Duke [[Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp]], who was attacked by Danish forces the following year. A Saxon army simultaneously invaded Swedish Livonia, and in February 1700 surrounded [[Riga]], the most populous city of the Swedish Empire. Russia also declared war (August 1700), but stopped short of an attack on [[Swedish Ingria]] until September 1700.<ref name=tucker>{{cite book|editor=Spencer C. Tucker|title=Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhGFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|year=2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|pages=182–193|isbn=978-1610697866}}</ref>

Charles's first campaign was against Denmark–Norway, ruled by his cousin [[Frederick IV of Denmark]]. For this campaign Charles secured the support of England and the Netherlands, both maritime powers concerned with Denmark's threats too close to [[Øresund|the Sound]]. Leading a force of 8,000 and 43 ships in an invasion of [[Zealand (Denmark)|Zealand]], Charles rapidly compelled the Danes to submit to the [[Peace of Travendal]] in August 1700, which indemnified Holstein.<ref>Thomas Derry, ''History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland'' (2000), p. 154.</ref>
Having forced Denmark–Norway to make peace within months, King Charles turned his attention upon the two other powerful neighbors, King August II (cousin to both Charles XII and Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway) and [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] of Russia, who also had entered the war against him, ironically on the same day that Denmark came to terms.<ref name=tucker/>

Russia had opened their part of the war by invading the Swedish-held territories of [[Livonia]] and [[Estonia]]. Charles countered this by attacking the Russian besiegers at the [[Battle of Narva (1700)|Battle of Narva]] (November 1700). The Russians outnumbered the Swedish army of ten thousand men by almost four to one. Charles attacked under cover of a blizzard, effectively splitting the Russian army in two and won the battle. Many of Peter's troops who fled the battlefield drowned in the [[Narva River]]. The total number of Russian fatalities reached about 10,000 at the end of the battle, while the Swedish forces lost 667 men.<ref>Richard Cavendish,  "The Battle of Narva." ''History Today'' 50#11 (2000): 50+.</ref>

Charles did not pursue the Russian army. Instead, he turned against Poland-Lithuania, which was formally neutral at this point, thereby disregarding Polish negotiation proposals supported by the Swedish parliament. Charles defeated the Polish king [[Augustus II]] and his [[Saxony|Saxon]] allies at the [[Battle of Kliszow]] in 1702 and captured many cities of the Commonwealth. After the deposition of Augustus as king of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], Charles XII put [[Stanislaus I of Poland|Stanisław Leszczyński]] as his puppet on the Polish throne (1704).<ref>{{cite book|author=Renata Tyszczuk|title=The Story of an Architect King: Stanislas Leszczynski in Lorraine 1737–1766|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3W5fvGVt3fYC&pg=PA34|year=2007|publisher=Peter Lang|page=34|isbn=978-3039103249}}</ref>