Editing Charles Rennie Mackintosh (section)

==Design influences==
[[File:Room de Luxe.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|The Room de Luxe at The Willow Tearooms features furniture and interior design by Mackintosh and Margaret Macdonald.]]

Mackintosh lived most of his life in the city of Glasgow, located on the banks of the [[River Clyde]]. During the [[Industrial Revolution]] the city had one of the greatest production centres of heavy engineering and shipbuilding in the world. As the city grew and prospered, a faster response to the high demand for consumer goods and arts was necessary. Industrialized, mass-produced items started to gain popularity. Along with the Industrial Revolution, Asian style and emerging [[modernist]] ideas also influenced Mackintosh's [[designs]]. When the Japanese isolationist regime softened, they opened themselves to globalisation resulting in notable Japanese influence around the world. Glasgow's link with the eastern country became particularly close with shipyards at the River Clyde being exposed to Japanese navy and training engineers. Japanese design became more accessible and gained great popularity. In fact, it became so popular and so incessantly appropriated and reproduced by Western artists, that the Western world's fascination and preoccupation with Japanese art gave rise to the new term [[Japonisme]] or Japonism.

This style was admired by Mackintosh because of its restraint and economy of means rather than ostentatious accumulation; its simple forms and natural materials rather than elaboration and artifice; and its use of texture and light and shadow rather than pattern and ornament. In the old western style, furniture was seen as ornament that displayed the wealth of its owner; the value of the piece was established according to the length of time spent creating it. In the Japanese arts, furniture and design focused on the quality of the space, which was meant to evoke a calming and organic feeling to the interior.

[[File:Wfm scotland street.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Scotland Street school in Glasgow.]]
At the same time a new philosophy concerned with creating functional and practical design was emerging throughout Europe: modernism. The central aim in modernism was to develop a purity of expression with designs explicitly responsive to intended building use. Ornament and traditional styles were demoted. Although Mackintosh has been counted as a pioneer of modernism, his work always retained a decorative sensibility and features ornament. Mackintosh took his inspiration from his Scottish upbringing and blended them with the flourish of Art Nouveau and the simplicity of Japanese forms.

While working in architecture, Charles Rennie Mackintosh developed his own style: a contrast between strong right angles and floral-inspired decorative motifs with subtle curves (for example, the Mackintosh Rose motif), along with some references to traditional Scottish architecture. The project that helped make his international reputation was the [[Glasgow School of Art]] (1897–1909). During the early stages of the Glasgow School of Art Mackintosh also completed the [[Queen's Cross Church, Glasgow|Queen's Cross Church project]] in Maryhill, Glasgow. It is the only built Mackintosh church design and is now the Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society headquarters. As with his contemporary [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], Mackintosh's architectural designs often included extensive specifications for the detailing, decoration, and furnishing of his buildings. 

It has been suggested that this detailing may have been carried out in part by his wife Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/margaret-macdonald.html |title=Margaret macdonald &#124; Features &#124; The Official Gateway to Scotland |publisher=Scotland.org |access-date=27 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216181326/http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/margaret-macdonald.html |archive-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> whom Charles had met when they both attended the Glasgow School of Art. However scholarly evidence for this is scant relying on stylistic analysis or speculation; little documentary material is extant. Their work was shown at the eighth [[Vienna Secession]] Exhibition in 1900. Mackintosh's architectural career was a relatively short one, but of significant quality and impact. All his major commissions were between 1895<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelighthouse.co.uk/about/history|title=The Lighthouse|first=Darrell|last=Wilson|website=www.thelighthouse.co.uk|access-date=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403051154/http://www.thelighthouse.co.uk/about/history|archive-date=3 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 1906,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crmsociety.com/crmackintosh.aspx |title=Charles Rennie Mackintosh |access-date=23 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205094559/http://www.crmsociety.com/crmackintosh.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> including designs for private homes, commercial buildings, interior renovations and churches.

[[File:Wfm mackintosh lighthouse.jpg|thumb|right|upright|"[[The Lighthouse, Glasgow|The Lighthouse]]", Charles Mackintosh's Glasgow Herald building.]]
[[File:HillHouse.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hill House, Helensburgh]], near Glasgow.]]
[[File:Drawing for 'Windy Hill'.jpg|thumb|right|Mackintosh's drawing for [[Windy Hill, Kilmacolm|Windy Hill]], at [[Kilmacolm]].]]

*Interior designs for his brother-in-law, Charles Macdonald at [[Dunglass Castle|Dunglass]]
*[[Hill House, Helensburgh]] This dwelling is one of the last complete sites, that is filled with furnishing and fittings, designed by Mackintosh in Scotland. Mackintosh paid attention to detail with every aspect of this property.
*[[The Willow Tearooms]], Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow for [[Catherine Cranston]]
*Former [[Daily Record (Scotland)|''Daily Record'']] offices, Glasgow
*Former [[The Herald (Glasgow)|''Glasgow Herald'']] offices in Mitchell Street, now [[The Lighthouse (Glasgow)|The Lighthouse]] – Scotland's Centre for Design and Architecture
*[[78 Derngate|78 Derngate, Northampton]] (interior design and architectural remodelling for Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke, founder of [[Bassett-Lowke]])
*5 The Drive, Northampton (for Bassett-Lowke's brother-in-law)

===Unbuilt designs===
Although moderately popular (for a period) in his native Scotland, most of Mackintosh's more ambitious designs were not built. Designs for various buildings for the 1901 [[Glasgow International Exhibition (1901)|Glasgow International Exhibition]] were not constructed,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/feb/11/charles-rennie-mackintoshs-genius-shines-in-his-first-ever-retrospective|title=Mackmania! Charles Rennie Mackintosh's genius shines in his first architecture retrospective|first=Oliver|last=Wainwright|date=11 February 2015|website=The Guardian|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> neither was his "Haus eines Kunstfreundes" ([[House for an Art Lover|Art Lover's House]]) of the same year. He competed in the 1903 design competition for [[Liverpool Cathedral]], but failed to gain a place on the shortlist<ref>"Liverpool Cathedral", ''[[The Times]]'', 25 September 1902, p. 8.</ref> (the winner was [[Giles Gilbert Scott]]).

Other unbuilt Mackintosh designs include:
*Railway Terminus
*Concert Hall
*Alternative Concert Hall
*Bar and Dining Room
*Exhibition Hall
*Science and Art Museum
*Chapter House

''The House for An Art Lover (1901)'' was built in [[Bellahouston Park]], Glasgow after his death (1989–1996).<ref>[http://www.houseforanartlover.co.uk/ House for an Art Lover], Bellahouston Park, Glasgow 1996.</ref>

''An Artist's Cottage and Studio (1901)'',<ref>The Hunterian, The University of Glasgow. [http://www.huntsearch.gla.ac.uk/cgi-bin/foxweb/huntsearch_Mackintosh/DetailedResults_printable.fwx?searchTerm=41142 Mackintosh Collection, cat no: GLAHA 41142-45] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172608/http://www.huntsearch.gla.ac.uk/cgi-bin/foxweb/huntsearch_Mackintosh/DetailedResults_printable.fwx?searchTerm=41142|date=1 February 2014}}.</ref> known as [[The Artist's Cottage project|''The Artist's Cottage'']], was completed at [[Farr, Strathnairn|Farr]] by [[Inverness]] in 1992. The architect was [[Robert Macintyre (architect)|Robert Hamilton Macintyre]] acting for Dr and Mrs Peter Tovell.<ref>Macintyre, Robert Hamilton (Spring 1992). "An Artist's Cottage and Studio". ''CRM Society Newsletter'' (Glasgow), No 58, pp. 5–8.</ref><ref>Hall, Michael (26 November 1992). "The Artist's Cottage, Inverness". ''Country Life'' (London, England), pp. 34–37.</ref> Illustrations can be found on the RCAHMS Canmore site.<ref name="tac">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS), [http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/82860/contribution/farr+artist+s+cottage/FNL6802838951/ The Artist's Cottage, Canmore ID 82860].</ref>

The first of the unexecuted ''Gate Lodge, Auchinbothie (1901)'' sketches<ref name="three">The Hunterian, The University of Glasgow. [http://www.huntsearch.gla.ac.uk/cgi-bin/foxweb/huntsearch_Mackintosh/DetailedResults_printable.fwx?searchTerm=41860 ''Mackintosh Collection, cat no: GLAHA 41860.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172611/http://www.huntsearch.gla.ac.uk/cgi-bin/foxweb/huntsearch_Mackintosh/DetailedResults_printable.fwx?searchTerm=41860|date=1 February 2014}}.</ref> was realised as a mirrored pair of gatehouses to either side of the Achnabechan<ref>Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS), [http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/114263/textcontribution/achnabechan/ Achnabechan, Canmore ID 114263].</ref> and The Artist's Cottage drives, also at Farr by Inverness. Known as ''[[The Artist's Cottage project|North House]]'' and ''[[The Artist's Cottage project|South House]]'', these were completed 1995–1997.<ref>Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical fascinating Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS), [http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/280055/details/farr+artist+s+cottage+north+house/ North House, Canmore ID 280055].</ref><ref>Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS), [http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/280056/details/farr+artists+cottage+south+house/ South House, Canmore ID 280056].</ref>

Mackintosh's architectural output was small, but he did influence European design. Popular in Austria and Germany, his work received acclaim when it was shown at the [[Vienna Secession]] Exhibition in 1900. It was also exhibited in Budapest, Hungary, Munich, Germany, Dresden, Venice, Italy and Moscow, Russia.