Editing Charles Edward Stuart (section)

==1745 uprising==
{{main|Jacobite rising of 1745}}

===Preparations and journey to Scotland: 1745===
[[File:Bonnie A.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Charles Edward as the Jacobite leader (a painting in [[Traquair House]], attributed to the circle of [[Louis Tocqué]])]]
In both Rome and Paris, Charles met numerous supporters of the Stuart cause; he knew that Jacobite representatives were in every key European court.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=63}} He had now taken a considerable share in correspondence and other work promoting his and his father's interests.{{sfn|Vaughan|1911|p=941}} While in Paris and Soissons, Charles sought funding and support to restore the monarchy.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=103}} Following conversations with Irish and Scottish exiles such as [[Thomas Sheridan (Jacobite)|Sir Thomas Sheridan]] who assured him of the strength of the Jacobite movement in Scotland, as well as following receipt of a petition to Charles from [[Sir Hector Maclean, 5th Baronet|Sir Hector Maclean]] on behalf of intervention, Charles resolved to launch an expedition to Scotland.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=104}} The ultimate aim was to instigate a rebellion that would place his father on the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=65}} To assist with funding the expedition, Charles borrowed some 180,000 livres from the Paris bankers John Waters and George Waters.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=112}}{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=44}} Part of these funds had been raised through support from loyalists in Britain such as Sir Henry Bedingfield of [[Oxburgh Hall]].<ref name="Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/history/article/sir-henry-bedingfield-national-trust-unmasks-landowner-who-spied-for-bonnie-prince-charlie-c83g9slj8 |title=Sir Henry Bedingfield: National Trust unmasks landowner who spied for Bonnie Prince Charlie |work=[[The Times]] |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref> As security for the loans, Charles was able to use the [[House of Sobieski|Sobieski]] crown jewels of his great-grandfather [[John III Sobieski]], which had passed down to him through his mother.{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=44}} He used these extensive funds to purchase weapons{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=63}} and fit out the ''Elisabeth'', an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the [[Du Teillay (1744 ship)|''Du Teillay'']] (sometimes called ''Doutelle''), a 16-gun privateer.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=115}}
[[File:Gentlemen he cried, drawing his sword, I have thrown away the scabbard.jpg|thumb|A 1907 illustration of Prince Charles seen on the battlefield]]
Encouraged by the French victory in May 1745 at the [[Battle of Fontenoy]], Charles and his party set sail on 5 July for Scotland.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=116}} During the voyage north, Charles's squadron was fired upon by [[HMS Lion (1709)|HMS ''Lion'']] in the [[Celtic Sea]].{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=117}}{{sfn|McLynn|1988|page=105}} The ''Du Teillay'', with Charles on board, made sail to escape, while the ''Elisabeth'', with her greater firepower, engaged ''Lion''.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=117}}{{sfn|McLynn|1988|page=105}} When ''Lion'' withdrew, the ''Elisabeth'' was forced to return to Brest for repairs, taking the majority of Charles's supplies, including some 1,800 broadswords, 8 artillery pieces and most of the 1,500 muskets he had purchased.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=63}}{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=117}} The ''Du Teillay'' successfully landed him and seven companions at [[Eriskay]] on 23 July 1745.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=117}} The group would later be known as the [[Seven Men of Moidart]] and included [[John O'Sullivan (soldier)|John O'Sullivan]], an Irish exile and former French officer, and Charles's secretary [[George Kelly (Jacobite)|George Kelly]]. Many Catholic and Protestant Highland clans still supported the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] cause, and Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=74}} However, receiving a cool reception from the clan leaders there, many of those contacted advised him to return to France, including [[Sir Alexander Macdonald, 7th Baronet|MacDonald of Sleat]] and [[Norman MacLeod (The Wicked Man)|Norman MacLeod]].{{sfn|Riding|2016|pp=83–84}} Aware of the potential impact of defeat, they felt that by arriving without French military support, Charles had failed to keep his commitments and was unconvinced by his personal qualities.{{sfn|Stewart|2001|pp=152–153}} Undeterred, Charles set sail again and arrived at the bay of [[Loch nan Uamh]].{{sfn|Vaughan|1911|p=941}} He had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was not forthcoming, and he decided to raise an army in Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oestman|first=Olivia|date=April 19, 2019|title=The Second Jacobite Rebellion of 1745: Triumph and Tragedy for Scotland|url=https://clas.ucdenver.edu/nhdc/sites/default/files/attached-files/entry_163.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=November 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108172918/https://clas.ucdenver.edu/nhdc/sites/default/files/attached-files/entry_163.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2021}}</ref>

===Early stages and victory at Prestonpans: 1745===
Although several clan chiefs initially discouraged him, he gained the crucial support of [[Donald Cameron of Lochiel]], Chief of [[Clan Cameron]], after Charles provided "security for the full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive."{{sfn|Riding|2016|pp=465–467}} Thereafter, support continued to grow.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=77}} It is recorded that during this time, Charles began to take lessons in conversational [[Gaelic languages|Gaelic]] under the tutorship of [[Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair]].{{sfn|Pininski|2010|page=32}} On 19 August, he raised his father's standard at [[Glenfinnan]] and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march towards [[Edinburgh]].{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=79}} The force proceeded eastwards, reaching [[Invergarry Castle]] by the last week of August.{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=70}} Charles's forces continued on via the [[Corrieyairack Pass]], where their control of the pass persuaded advancing government forces to withdraw from the area.{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=70}} Stopping briefly first at [[Blair Castle]],{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=73}} Charles and his forces reached [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] on 4 September.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=87}} At Perth, his ranks were joined by more sympathisers, including [[Lord George Murray (general)|Lord George Murray]].{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=87}} Previously pardoned for his participation in the 1715 and 1719 risings, Murray took over from O'Sullivan due to his better understanding of Highland military customs, and the Jacobites spent the next week re-organising their forces.{{sfn|Riding|2016|pp=123–125}} On 14 September, Charles and his forces took [[Falkirk]], and Charles stayed at [[Callendar House]], where he persuaded the [[William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock|Earl of Kilmarnock]] to join him.{{efn|name=Callendar House|Charles would stay again at Callendar House before the Battle of Falkirk Muir. The Earl however would later be executed for his support of Charles in August 1746.}}{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=90}}

Charles's progress onto Edinburgh was helped by the action of the British leader, [[John Cope (British Army officer)|General Sir John Cope]], who had marched to [[Inverness]], leaving the south country undefended.{{sfn|Vaughan|1911|p=941}} On 16 September, Charles and his army encamped outside the city at Gray's Mill in [[Longstone, Edinburgh|Longstone]].{{sfn|Norie|1907|p=54}} [[Archibald Stewart (Lord Provost)|Lord Provost Archibald Stewart]] controlled the city, which quickly surrendered. However, the castle under the command of [[George Preston (Jacobite)|George Preston]] did not surrender and was blockaded until Charles later called off the siege owing to a lack of artillery.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=111}} On 17 September, Charles entered Edinburgh, accompanied by around 2,400 men.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Edward, the Young Pretender |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Edward-the-Young-Pretender |website=Britannica |date=27 December 2023 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref> During this time, Charles also gave trophies to his supporters, a prominent example being [[Prince Charlie's Targe]]. [[Allan Ramsay (artist)|Allan Ramsay]] painted a [[Lost portrait of Charles Edward Stuart|portrait of Charles]] while he was in Edinburgh,<ref name=beeb>{{cite news|title=Lost Bonnie Prince Charlie portrait found in Scotland|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-26287887|access-date=23 February 2014|newspaper=BBC News|date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221160456/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-26287887|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> which survived in the collection of the [[Earl of Wemyss]] at [[Gosford House]] and, {{As of|2016|lc=y}}, was on display at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ferguson|first1=Brian|title=Unique Bonnie Prince Charlie painting secured for Scotland |url=http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/unique-bonnie-prince-charlie-painting-secured-for-scotland-1-4085879|access-date=15 February 2020 |work=Edinburgh News|date=30 March 2016}}</ref> 
[[File:Bonnie Prince Charlie by John Pettie.jpg|thumb|right|Bonnie Prince Charlie entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse flanked by [[Donald Cameron of Lochiel]] and [[Alexander Forbes, 4th Lord Forbes of Pitsligo|Alexander Forbes, Lord Pitsligo]], painted by [[John Pettie]], {{circa|1892}}]]
Meanwhile, Sir John Cope had brought his forces by sea to [[Dunbar]], a decision he would soon regret.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=98}} On 20 September, Charles mustered and joined his forces at [[Duddingston]].{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=86}} On 21 September, Charles and his forces defeated Cope's army, the only government army in Scotland, at the [[Battle of Prestonpans]].{{sfn|Vaughan|1911|p=941}}{{efn|name=JohnnieCope|Cope and his army's disastrous defence against the Jacobites was later immortalised in the song "[[Johnnie Cope]]".}} Charles was said to have been only 50 paces from the front-line of the battle,{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=103}} and he later expressed remorse that the victory involved killing his own subjects.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=105}} It was reported during the battle that Charles and Lord Murray had argued over the disposition of forces.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=99}} The historian Hugh Douglas argues this was to result in an ever-worsening relationship between the two that would culminate with ultimate defeat later at Culloden.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=99}}

===Invasion of England: 1745–1746===
Morale was high following the battle at Prestonpans, and Charles returned to Edinburgh, holding court at [[Holyrood Palace]].{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=112}} Jacobite morale was further boosted in mid-October when the French landed with supplies of money and weapons and an envoy, which seemed to validate claims of French backing.{{sfn|Riding|2016|p=185}} However, [[David Wemyss, Lord Elcho|Lord Elcho]] later claimed that his fellow Scots were already concerned by Charles's autocratic style and fear his Irish advisors overly influenced him.{{sfn|Elcho|1907|p=289}} A "Prince's Council" of senior leaders was established; Charles resented it as an imposition by the Scots on their divinely appointed monarch, while the daily meetings accentuated divisions between the factions.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=119}} The council was said to include [[James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth|Perth]], Lord George Murray, Thomas Sheridan, John O'Sullivan, [[John Murray of Broughton|Murray of Broughton]], Lochiel, [[Alexander Macdonald, 17th of Keppoch|Keppoch]], [[Clan Macdonald of Clanranald|Clanranald]], [[MacDonald of Glencoe|Glencoe]], [[Clan Stewart of Appin|Ardsheal]] and [[Clan MacDonell of Glengarry|Lochgarry]].{{sfn|Riding|2016|pp=175–176}} After much discussion, Charles persuaded his council to agree to invade England. By November, Charles was marching south at the head of an army numbering approximately 6,000 men. On 10 November, [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] surrendered to Charles.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=127}} Continuing south, Charles and his army reached [[Penrith, Cumbria|Penrith]] on 21 November,{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=125}}{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=127}} then [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] on the 26 November{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=126}} and [[Manchester]] on the 29 November.{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=127}} His army progressed as far south as the [[River Trent]] at [[Swarkestone Bridge]] in [[Derbyshire]], arriving there on the 4 December.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=127}}{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=131}}

At [[Derby]], despite Charles's objections, his council at [[Exeter House]] decided to return to Scotland given the lack of English Jacobite and French support, as well as rumours that large government forces were being amassed.{{sfn|Riding|2016|pp=299–300}}{{sfn|Riding|2016|pp=304–305}} Charles admitted that he had not heard from the English Jacobites since leaving France despite claiming the contrary; this caused his relationship with some of the Scots to become irretrievably damaged.{{sfn|Riding|2016|pp=299–300}} On 6 December, the Jacobites and Charles left Derby and began their march north back to Scotland.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=130}} Charles's route north was the same as the one he had taken on the journey south.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=132}} He returned to Manchester on 9 December, and after some light resistance from the local population, Charles demanded £5,000 from the town, eventually receiving £2,500 in payment.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=133}} Charles then proceeded on through Preston, Lancaster, and Kendal until the Jacobite forces eventually met the government forces at [[Clifton, Cumbria|Clifton]] in Cumbria on 18 December.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=135-136}} The Jacobite forces won the [[Clifton Moor Skirmish]], allowing them to continue north through Carlisle and back into Scotland.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=135-136}}

Charles and his forces reached Glasgow on 26 December, resting until 3 January 1746.{{sfn|Pininski|2010|page=41}} The decision was then made to lay [[Siege of Stirling Castle (1746)|siege]] to Stirling and [[Stirling Castle]].{{sfn|Pininski|2010|page=42}} However, while the town surrendered immediately, the castle's artillery proved too strong for the Jacobite forces to approach and seize the castle.{{sfn|Pininski|2010|page=42}} Government forces also attempted a relief of the siege, which resulted in a victory for Charles in the ensuing [[Battle of Falkirk Muir]] in January 1746.{{sfn|Riding|2016|pp=209–216}}{{sfn|Riding|2016|pp=328–329}} A failure to take the castle, however, resulted in the abandonment of the siege and the Jacobite forces moving northward to [[Crieff]], then Inverness.{{sfn|Pininski|2010|page=42}} With a halt in operations until the weather improved, Charles forces then rested at Inverness,{{sfn|Vaughan|1911|p=941}} including a stay of some four days at [[Kilravock Castle]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Charles and his troops were then required to move after word reached them of the pursuit against them by the forces of [[George II of Great Britain|George II]]'s son [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]].{{sfn|Riding|2016|pp=377–378}}

===Culloden and return to France: 1746===

Government forces caught up with Charles and his army at the ensuing [[Battle of Culloden]] on 16 April.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battle of Culloden (showing Duke of Cumberland)|url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/44954|access-date=2021-11-08|website=National Galleries of Scotland|language=en}}</ref> Charles ignored the advice of his subordinate [[Lord George Murray (general)|Lord George Murray]] and chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground, where his forces were exposed to superior firepower from government troops.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=160}} To ensure his safety, his officers requested that Charles command his army from behind the front lines, preventing him from gaining a clear view of the battlefield.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=162}} He hoped that Cumberland's army would attack first, and he had his men stand exposed to the accurate fire from government artillery batteries.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=162}} Seeing the error in this, he quickly ordered an attack, but his messenger was killed before the order could be delivered.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=162}} The Jacobite attack was uncoordinated, charging into withering musket fire and [[grapeshot]] fired from the cannons, and it met with little success.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=163}} In the centre, the Jacobites reached the first line of government troops, but a second line of soldiers eventually repulsed this attack.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=162}} The remaining Jacobite survivors in the front line fled.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=163}} However, the [[Jacobite Army (1745)|Jacobite Army]] units fighting on the north-eastern side of the battlefield, as well as Irish and Scots regulars in the second line, retired in good order, allowing Charles and his personal retinue to escape northwards.{{sfn|Riding|2016|p=427}} 
[[File:Lochaber No More.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|'Lochaber No More – Prince Charlie leaving Scotland', an 1863 painting by the artist John Blake MacDonald]]
After the defeat, Murray led a group of Jacobites to [[Ruthven Barracks|Ruthven]], intending to continue the fight.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=165}} Charles thought he was betrayed but abandoned the Jacobite cause.{{efn|name=chevalier|A first-hand account of these events is given by James, the [[Chevalier de Johnstone]] in his "Memoir of the Rebellion 1745–1746".}} Some 20 miles from the battlefield, Charles rested briefly at Gorthleck, the home of his dubious supporter [[Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat|Lord Lovat]], before retreating to Invergarry Castle, by way of [[Fort Augustus]], on 16 April.{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=201}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blaikie|first=W B|title=Prince Charles Edward Stuart Itinerary and Map (Supplement to the Lyon in Mourning)|url=https://digital.nls.uk/scottish-history-society-publications/browse/archive/128310532#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=9&xywh=-252%2C63%2C2213%2C2675|journal=Scottish History Society|volume=XXIII 1897|pages=46|via=National Library of Scotland}}</ref> Charles then hid in the moors of the Highlands of Scotland, before making a flight to the [[Hebrides]], always barely ahead of the government forces.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=170}} Many Highlanders aided him during his escape, and none betrayed him for the £30,000 reward.{{sfn|McLynn|1988|page=239}}<ref>Michael Hook and Walter Ross, ''The 'Forty-Five. The Last Jacobite Rebellion'' (Edinburgh: HMSO, The National Library of Scotland, 1995), p. 27</ref> While Charles was in the Hebrides, funds had arrived from Spain and France on two ships that called at [[Lochaber]].{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=216-217}} Too late to assist Charles following Culloden, only the Spanish gold was landed, but much of it was [[Loch Arkaig treasure|lost]].{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=216-217}}

Charles was assisted by supporters such as the [[Maritime pilot|pilot]] Donald Macleod of Galtrigill and Captain Con O'Neill, who took him to Benbecula.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Sir Bernard|title=A Selection of Arms Authorised by the Laws of Heraldry|page=113}}</ref> From 16 April until 28 June, Charles travelled through [[Benbecula]], [[South Uist]], [[North Uist]], [[Harris, Outer Hebrides|Harris]], and the [[Isle of Lewis]].{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=169}} On 28 June, Charles was aided by [[Flora MacDonald]], who helped him sail to the [[Isle of Skye]] by taking him in a boat disguised as her maid "Betty Burke".{{sfn|McLynn|1988|page=233}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=41412005 |title=Charles Edward Stewart: The Young Pretender |work=The Scotsman |location=UK |access-date=5 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125171447/http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=41412005 |archive-date=25 November 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.highlanderweb.co.uk/wallace/bonnie.htm Queen Anne and the 1707 Act of Union] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214072923/http://www.highlanderweb.co.uk/wallace/bonnie.htm |date=14 February 2007 }} ALBA – The Escape of the Young Pretender</ref> Charles remained on Skye until July when he then crossed back to the mainland.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=169}} With the aid of a few loyal servants and local supporters, Charles hid from government forces in the western [[Grampian Mountains]] for several weeks.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=192}} He ultimately evaded capture, and on 19 September, he left the country aboard the French frigate ''L'Heureux'', commanded by [[Richard Warren (Jacobite)|Richard Warren]].{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=196}}{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=226}} The [[Prince's Cairn]] marks the traditional spot on the shores of [[Sound of Arisaig|Loch nan Uamh]] in [[Lochaber]] from which he made his final departure from Scotland.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=196}}