Editing Chams (section)

===Wars with the Vietnamese===
Between the rise of the Khmer Empire around 800 and the [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]'s [[Nam tiến|territorial expansion southwards]] from [[Jiaozhi]] and, later, [[Đại Việt]], Champa began to shrink. At a disadvantage against Dai Viet's army of 300,000 troops, the Cham army of 100,000 were overwhelmed.<ref>Oscar Chapuis (1995). A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 46. {{ISBN|0-313-29622-7}}. Retrieved 9 January 2011.</ref> In the [[Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)]], Champa suffered serious defeats at the hands of the Vietnamese, in which 120,000 people were either captured or killed, and the kingdom was reduced to a small enclave near [[Nha Trang]] with many Chams fleeing to [[Cambodia]].{{sfn|Juergensmeyer|Roof|2011|p=1210}}{{sfn|Schliesinger|2015|p=18}} Champa was no longer a threat to Vietnam, and some were even enslaved by their victors.<ref>Ben Kiernan (2009). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. p. 110. {{ISBN|0-300-14425-3}}. Retrieved 9 January 2011.</ref>

The Chams were [[matrilineality|matrilineal]] and inheritance passed through the mother.{{sfn|Hooker|2002|p=75}} Because of this, in 1499 the Vietnamese enacted a law banning marriage between Cham women and Vietnamese men, regardless of class.{{sfn|Kiernan|2008|p=111}}{{harv|Tạ|1988|p=137}}{{sfn|Watson Andaya|2006|p=82}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3FuAAAAMAAJ&q=from+wedding+women+of+the+Cham+race,35+it+was+also+based+on+national+security+considerations|title=The Vietnam forum, Issues 5-7|author=Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies|year=1985|publisher=Council on Southeast Asia Studies at Yale University|page=28|access-date=9 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ilqhy4Z3iwEC&pg=PA332|title=A companion to gender history|editor=Teresa A. Meade|editor-link=Teresa Meade|editor2=Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks|editor2-link=Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks|year=2006|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-4960-0|page=332|access-date=9 January 2011}}</ref> The Vietnamese also issued instructions in the capital to kill all Chams within the vicinity.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/strange-parallels/0C2FAED1DB111C4094B37054B65DF39C|title=Strange parallels: Southeast Asia in global context, c 800-1830, Volume 1|author=Victor B. Lieberman|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|edition=illustrated|page=381|isbn=978-0-521-80496-7|access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> More attacks by the Vietnamese continued and in 1693 the Champa Kingdom's territory was integrated as part of Vietnamese territory.{{sfn|Juergensmeyer|Roof|2011|p=1210}}

The trade in [[Vietnamese ceramics]] was damaged due to the plummet in trade by Cham merchants after the Vietnamese invasion.<ref name="SchottenhammerPtak2006">{{cite book|author1=Angela Schottenhammer|author2=Roderich Ptak|title=The Perception of Maritime Space in Traditional Chinese Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9rWcNu89kgC&q=tran+dynasty+fujian&pg=PA138|year=2006|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05340-2|pages=138–}}</ref> Vietnam's export of ceramics was also damaged by its internal civil war, the Portuguese and Spanish entry into the region and the Portuguese conquest of Malacca which caused an upset in the trading system, while the carracks ships in the Malacca to Macao trade run by the Portuguese docked at Brunei due to good relations between the Portuguese and Brunei after the Chinese permitted Macao to be leased to the Portuguese.<ref name="BùiLong2001">{{cite book|author1=Minh Trí Bùi|author2=Kerry Nguyễn Long|title=Vietnamese Blue & White Ceramics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxjWAAAAMAAJ&q=The+arrival+of+the+Spanish+in+Brunei+and+the+Philippines+in+force+in+the+sixteenth+century+initiated+the+same+kind+of+...|year=2001|publisher=Khoa học xã hội|page=176}}</ref>

When the [[Ming dynasty]] in China fell, several thousand Chinese refugees fled south and extensively settled on Cham lands and in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP7iAAAAMAAJ&q=Much+of+the+settlement+of+Cham+and+Cambodian+lands,+however,+was+done+by+Chinese+refugees+fleeing+the+collapse+of+the+Ming+dynasty.+The+Chinese+were+actively+courted+by+the+Nguyen,+who+were+in+desperate+need+of+manpower+in+order+to|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 8|author=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc|year=2003|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-961-6|page=669|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> Most of these Chinese were young males, and they took Cham women as wives. Their children identified more with Chinese culture. This migration occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/flamingwombrepos0000anda|url-access=registration|quote=southern vietnam thousands of young chinese males brides cham communities.|title=The flaming womb: repositioning women in early modern Southeast Asia|author=Barbara Watson Andaya|year=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2955-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/flamingwombrepos0000anda/page/146 146]|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref>

Chams participated in [[Cambodian–Spanish War|defeating the Spanish invasion of Cambodia]]. Cambodian king [[Cau Bana Cand Ramadhipati]], also known as 'Sultan Ibrahim', launched the [[Cambodian–Dutch War]] to expel the Dutch. The Vietnamese [[Nguyen Lords]] toppled Ibrahim from power to restore Buddhist rule.

In the 18th century and the 19th century, Cambodian-based [[Islam in Thailand|Chams settled in Bangkok]].<ref name="Brown2013">{{cite book|author=Rajeswary Ampalavanar Brown|title=Islam in Modern Thailand: Faith, Philanthropy and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQkiAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|date=1 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-58389-8|pages=19–}}</ref>