Editing Cervical cancer (section)

=== Smoking ===
[[File:RICO tobacco litigation corrective statement, Whitehall, PA (cropped).jpg|thumb|A [[United States v. Philip Morris|court-ordered]] corrective statement: "Smoking also causes reduced fertility, low birth weight in newborns, and cancer of the cervix" (United States, 2024).]]

[[Tobacco smoking|Cigarette smoking]], both active and passive, increases the risk of cervical cancer. Among HPV-infected women, current and former smokers have roughly two to three times the incidence of invasive cancer. Passive smoking is also associated with increased risk but to a lesser extent.<ref name="NIHNCIHPV2015">{{cite web | publisher = National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health | work = PDQ |  url = http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/cervical/HealthProfessional | title = Cervical Cancer Prevention | date = 26 December 2022 | location = Bethesda, MD }}</ref>

Smoking has also been linked to the development of cervical cancer.<ref name=LuhnWalker2013>{{cite journal |vauthors = Luhn P, Walker J, Schiffman M, Zuna RE, Dunn ST, Gold MA, Smith K, Mathews C, Allen RA, Zhang R, Wang S, Wentzensen N |display-authors = 6 |title = The role of co-factors in the progression from human papillomavirus infection to cervical cancer |journal = Gynecologic Oncology |volume = 128 |issue = 2 |pages = 265–270 |date = February 2013 |pmid = 23146688 |pmc = 4627848 |doi = 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.11.003 }}</ref><ref name=RemschmidtKaufmann2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Remschmidt C, Kaufmann AM, Hagemann I, Vartazarova E, Wichmann O, Deleré Y | title = Risk factors for cervical human papillomavirus infection and high-grade intraepithelial lesion in women aged 20 to 31 years in Germany | journal = International Journal of Gynecological Cancer | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 519–526 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23360813 | doi = 10.1097/IGC.0b013e318285a4b2 | s2cid = 205679729 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=GadducciBarsotti2011/> Smoking can increase the risk in women a few different ways, which can be by direct and indirect methods of inducing cervical cancer.<ref name=LuhnWalker2013/><ref name=GadducciBarsotti2011/><ref name=AgorastosMiliaras2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Agorastos T, Miliaras D, Lambropoulos AF, Chrisafi S, Kotsis A, Manthos A, Bontis J | title = Detection and typing of human papillomavirus DNA in uterine cervices with coexistent grade I and grade III intraepithelial neoplasia: biologic progression or independent lesions? | journal = European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology | volume = 121 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–103 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15949888 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.11.024 }}</ref> A direct way of contracting this cancer is a smoker has a higher chance of [[cervical intraepithelial neoplasia]] (CIN3) occurring, which has the potential of forming cervical cancer.<ref name=LuhnWalker2013/> When CIN3 lesions lead to cancer, most of them have the assistance of the HPV virus, but that is not always the case, which is why it can be considered a direct link to cervical cancer.<ref name=AgorastosMiliaras2005/> Heavy smoking and long-term smoking seem to have more of a risk of getting the CIN3 lesions than lighter smoking or not smoking at all.<ref name=JensenSchmiedel2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jensen KE, Schmiedel S, Frederiksen K, Norrild B, Iftner T, Kjær SK | title = Risk for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse in relation to smoking among women with persistent human papillomavirus infection | journal = Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 1949–1955 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23019238 | pmc = 3970163 | doi = 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0663 }}</ref> Although smoking has been linked to cervical cancer, it aids in the development of HPV, which is the leading cause of this type of cancer.<ref name=GadducciBarsotti2011/> Also, not only does it aid in the development of HPV, but also if the woman is already HPV-positive, she is at an even greater likelihood of contracting cervical cancer.<ref name=JensenSchmiedel2012/>