Editing Cauchy's integral formula (section)

==Consequences==
The integral formula has broad applications.  First, it implies that a function which is holomorphic in an open set is in fact [[infinitely differentiable]] there.  Furthermore, it is an [[analytic function]], meaning that it can be represented as a [[power series]].  The proof of this uses the [[dominated convergence theorem]] and the [[geometric series]] applied to

<math display="block">f(\zeta) = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_C \frac{f(z)}{z-\zeta}\,dz.</math>

The formula is also used to prove the [[residue theorem]], which is a result for [[meromorphic function]]s, and a related result, the [[argument principle]].  It is known from [[Morera's theorem]] that the uniform limit of holomorphic functions is holomorphic. This can also be deduced from Cauchy's integral formula: indeed the formula also holds in the limit and the integrand, and hence the integral, can be expanded as a power series. In addition the Cauchy formulas for the higher order derivatives show that all these derivatives also converge uniformly.

The analog of the Cauchy integral formula in real analysis is the [[Poisson integral formula]] for [[harmonic function]]s; many of the results for holomorphic functions carry over to this setting. No such results, however, are valid for more general classes of differentiable or real analytic functions.  For instance, the existence of the first derivative of a real function need not imply the existence of higher order derivatives, nor in particular the analyticity of the function.  Likewise, the uniform limit of a sequence of (real) differentiable functions may fail to be differentiable, or may be differentiable but with a derivative  which is not the limit of the derivatives of the members of the sequence.

Another consequence is that if {{math|1=''f''(''z'') = Σ ''a''<sub>''n''</sub> ''z''<sup>''n''</sup> }} is holomorphic in {{math|{{abs|''z''}} < ''R''}} and {{math|0 < ''r'' < ''R''}} then the coefficients {{math|''a''<sub>''n''</sub>}} satisfy '''[[Cauchy's estimate]]'''<ref>{{harvnb|Titchmarsh|1939|p=84}}</ref>
<math display="block">|a_n|\le r^{-n} \sup_{|z|=r}|f(z)|.</math>

From Cauchy's estimate, one can easily deduce that every bounded entire function must be constant (which is [[Liouville's theorem (complex analysis)|Liouville's theorem]]).

The formula can also be used to derive '''Gauss's Mean-Value Theorem''', which states<ref>{{WolframAlpha |title=Gauss's Mean-Value Theorem |id=GausssMean-ValueTheorem}}</ref>
<math display="block">f(z) = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{0}^{2\pi} f(z + r e^{i\theta}) \, d\theta.</math>

In other words, the average value of {{math|''f''}} over the circle centered at {{math|''z''}} with radius {{math|''r''}} is {{math|''f''(''z'')}}. This can be calculated directly via a parametrization of the circle.