Editing Case-based reasoning (section)

== History ==

CBR traces its roots to the work of [[Roger Schank]] and his students at [[Yale University]] in the early 1980s. Schank's model of dynamic memory<ref name="ref_schank">Roger Schank, Dynamic Memory: ''A Theory of Learning in Computers and People'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).</ref> was the basis for the earliest CBR systems: [[Janet Kolodner|Janet Kolodner's]] CYRUS<ref name="ref_kolodner">Janet Kolodner, "[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1207/s15516709cog0704_2/pdf Reconstructive Memory: A Computer Model]," ''Cognitive Science'' 7 (1983): 4.</ref> and Michael Lebowitz's IPP.<ref name="ref_lebowitz">Michael Lebowitz, "[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/27291023.pdf Memory-Based Parsing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118011127/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/27291023.pdf |date=2017-11-18 }}," ''Artificial Intelligence'' 21 (1983), 363-404.</ref>

Other schools of CBR and closely allied fields emerged in the 1980s, which directed at topics such as legal reasoning, memory-based reasoning (a way of reasoning from examples on massively parallel machines), and combinations of CBR with other reasoning methods. In the 1990s, interest in CBR grew internationally, as evidenced by the establishment of an International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning in 1995, as well as European, German, British, Italian, and other CBR workshops{{Which|date=December 2021}}.

CBR technology has resulted in the deployment of a number of successful systems, the earliest being Lockheed's CLAVIER,<ref name="ref_mark">Bill Mark, "Case-Based Reasoning for Autoclave Management," ''Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop'' (1989).</ref> a system for laying out composite parts to be baked in an industrial convection oven. CBR has been used extensively in applications such as the Compaq SMART system<ref name="ref_nguyen">Trung Nguyen, Mary Czerwinski, and Dan Lee, "[http://www.aaai.org/Papers/IAAI/1993/IAAI93-012.pdf COMPAQ QuickSource: Providing the Consumer with the Power of Artificial Intelligence]," in ''Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence'' (Washington, DC: AAAI Press, 1993), 142-151.</ref> and has found a major application area in the health sciences,<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1109/TSMCC.2010.2071862| issn = 1094-6977| volume = 41| issue = 4| pages = 421–434| last = Begum| first = S.|author2=M. U Ahmed|author3=P. Funk|author4=Ning Xiong|author5=M. Folke| title = Case-Based Reasoning Systems in the Health Sciences: A Survey of Recent Trends and Developments| journal = IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part C: Applications and Reviews| date = July 2011| s2cid = 22441650}}</ref> as well as in structural safety management.

There is recent work{{Which|date=December 2021}}{{When|date=December 2021}} that develops CBR within a statistical framework and formalizes case-based inference as a specific type of probabilistic inference. Thus, it becomes possible to produce case-based predictions equipped with a certain level of confidence.<ref name="ref_huellermeier">Eyke Hüllermeier. [https://books.google.com/books?id=w1yE7YZEv2QC Case-Based Approximate Reasoning]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2007.</ref>
One description of the difference between CBR and induction from instances is that [[statistical inference]] aims to find what tends to make cases similar while CBR aims to encode what suffices to claim similarly.<ref>
Wilson, Robert Andrew, and Frank C. Keil, eds. The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences. MIT press, 2001.
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