Editing Carlisle (section)

===Early Modern era===
[[File:Jacobite broadside - Carlisle.jpg|thumb|300px|Historic view of Carlisle]]
After the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]], [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], concerned at the weakness of his hold on the North, employed (1539) the engineer [[Stefan von Haschenperg]] to modernise the defences of Carlisle. von Haschenperg was sacked in 1543 for having "spent great treasures to no purpose"; but (by him and his successors) at the north end the castle towers were converted to artillery platforms, at the south the medieval Bochard gate was converted into the [[Carlisle Citadel|Citadel]], an artillery fortification with two massive artillery towers.<ref name="Pevsner2">{{Cite book |last1=Hyde |first1=Matthew |title=The Buildings of England: Cumbria; Cumberland, Westmorland and Furness |last2=Pevsner |first2=Nikolaus |date=2010 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-12663-1 |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|243}} The death of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] in 1603 and her succession by [[James I of England|James VI of Scotland]] as King James I of England allowed more determined and coordinated efforts to suppress reiving. The borderers were not quick to change their ways and many were hanged and whole families were exiled to Ireland. It was not until 1681 that the problem of the reivers was acknowledged as no longer an issue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadler |first=John |title=Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296 - 1568 |publisher=Longman |year=2004}}</ref>

Following the personal union of the crowns Carlisle Castle should have become obsolete as a frontier fortress, but the two kingdoms continued as separate states. In 1639, with war between the two kingdoms looming, the castle was refortified using stone from the cathedral cloisters.<ref name=Pevsner2 /> In 1642 the [[English Civil War]] broke out and the castle was garrisoned for the king. It endured a [[Siege of Carlisle (1645)|long siege]] from October 1644 until June 1645 when the Royalist forces surrendered after the [[Battle of Naseby]]. The city was occupied by a parliamentary garrison, and subsequently by their Scots allies. In 1646, the Scots, now holding Carlisle pending payment of monies owed them by the English Parliament, improved its fortifications, destroying the [[Carlisle Cathedral|cathedral's]] nave to obtain the stone to rebuild the castle.<ref name="caherit">{{cite journal |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/cumberland/contents.cfm?vol_id=639 |journal=Transactions |title=Carlisle during the siege of 1644–5 |first=W |last=Nanson |publisher=[[Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society]] |volume=7 |year=1884 |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120101608/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/cumberland/contents.cfm?vol_id=639 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web |title=Carlisle Castle during the civil war |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/carlisle-castle/history-and-research/history/civil-war/#footnote2 |access-date=4 May 2011 |publisher=English Heritage |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305092233/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/carlisle-castle/history-and-research/history/civil-war/ |archivedate=5 March 2011}}</ref> Carlisle continued to remain a barracks thereafter. In 1698 travel writer [[Celia Fiennes]] wrote of Carlisle as having most of the trappings of a military town and that it was rife with alcohol and prostitutes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fiennes |first=Celia |title=Through England on a Side Saddle |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=2009}}</ref>

In 1707 an [[Acts of Union 1707|act of union]] was passed between England and Scotland, creating [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], but Carlisle remained a garrison town. The tenth, and most recent siege in the city's history took place after [[Charles Edward Stuart]] took Carlisle in the [[Jacobite Rising of 1745]]. When the Jacobites retreated across the border to Scotland they left a garrison of 400 men in Carlisle Castle. Ten days later [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]] took the castle and executed 31 Jacobites on the streets of Carlisle.<ref name="caherit" />