Editing Carl Wilhelm Scheele (section)

==New elements and compounds==
In addition to his joint recognition for the discovery of oxygen, Scheele is argued to have been the first to discover other chemical elements such as [[barium]] (1772),<ref>Scheele's laboratory notebooks show that during 1771–1772, he observed a "''besondere Erde''" (peculiar earth [i.e., metal oxide]) in pyrolusite (an ore that contains mainly manganese dioxide, MnO<sub>2</sub>).  See: {{cite book |last1=Scheele |first1=Carl Wilhelm |editor1-last=Nordenskiöld |editor1-first=A.E. |title=Carl Wilhelm Scheele: Nachgelassene Briefe und Aufzeichnungen |trans-title=Carl Wilhelm Scheele: Posthumously published letters and notes |date=1892 |publisher=P.A. Norstedt & Söner |location=Stockholm|page=457 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vo06AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA45 |language=de, la}}  From p. 457:  "''In Gewächsen muss die besondere Erde, welche aus ''magn. nigra et acidis'' … mit ''acido vitrioli'' ein solches Præcipitat.''" (In plants, [there] must be present the peculiar earth [i.e., metal oxide], which arises from magnesia nigra [i.e., pyrolusite] and acid via precipitation with oil of vitriol [i.e., concentrated sulfuric acid], for plant ash which is well rinsed so that all potassium sulfate disappears, gives – [when it's] dissolved with nitric acid and salt acid [i.e., hydrochloric acid] – such a precipitate [when it's treated] with sulfuric acid.)  See also pp. 455, 456, and 461.
* In 1774, Scheele further investigated barium in pyrolusite:  {{cite journal |last1=Scheele |title=Om brunsten, eller magnesia, och dess egenskaper |journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar (Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy [of Sweden]) |date=1774 |volume=35 |pages=89–116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ME4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA90-IA5 |trans-title=On brown-stone [i.e., pyrolusite] or magnesia, and its properties |language=Swedish}}  From p. 102:  ''"4:to Något af en ny Jord-art, hvilken, så mycket jag vet, ännu är obekant."''  (4th Something of a new type of ore [i.e., mineral], which, as far as I know, is still unknown.)  From p. 112:  ''"Den besynnerliga Jord-arten, som visar sig vid alla klara uplösningar af Brunstenen, hvarom något är anfördt i 18. §."'' (This peculiar type of ore [i.e., mineral] appears in all clear solutions of brown-stone, concerning which something is stated in section 18.)</ref> [[manganese]] (1774),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scheele |title=Om brunsten, eller magnesia, och dess egenskaper |journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar (Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy [of Sweden]) |date=1774 |volume=35 |pages=89–116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ME4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA90-IA5 |trans-title=On brown-stone [i.e., pyrolusite] or magnesia, and its properties |language=Swedish}}</ref> [[molybdenum]] (1778),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scheele |first1=Carl Wilhelm |title=Försök med Blyerts, Molybdæna |journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar |date=1778 |volume=39 |pages=247–255 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58E4AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA247 |trans-title=Experiment with lead, molybdæna |language=Swedish}}</ref> and [[tungsten]] (1781),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scheele |first1=Carl Wilhelm |title=Tungstens bestånds-delar |journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences [of Sweden]) |date=1781 |volume=2 |pages=89–95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enVJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA91 |trans-title=Tungsten's constituent components |language=Swedish}}</ref> as well as several chemical compounds, including [[citric acid]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scheele |first1=Carl Wilhelm |title=Anmärkning om Citron-Saft, samt sätt att crystallisera den samma |journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science) |date=1784 |volume=5 |pages=105–109 |trans-title=Note on lemon juice, as well as ways to crystallize the same |language=Swedish}}</ref> [[lactic acid]],<ref name="Scheele 1780 Mjölk">{{cite journal |last1=Scheele |first1=Carl Wilhelm |title=Om Mjölk och dess syra |journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science) |date=1780 |volume=1 |pages=116–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9N84AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA116 |trans-title=About milk and its acid |language=Swedish}}</ref> [[glycerol]],<ref name="Scheele 1783 Fettmor">{{cite journal |last1=Scheele |first1=Carl Wilhelm |title=Rön beträffande ett särskilt Socker-Ämne uti exprimerade Oljor och Fettmor |journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science) |date=1783 |volume=4 |pages=324–329 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXVJAAAAcAAJ&q=Scheele&pg=PA324 |trans-title=Findings concerning a particular sweet substance in expressed oils and fatty substances |language=Swedish}}</ref> [[hydrogen cyanide]] (also known, in aqueous solution, as prussic acid),<ref name="Scheele 1782 Berlinerblå">See:
*  {{cite journal |last1=Scheele |first1=Carl W. |title=Försök, beträffande det färgande ämnet uti Berlinerblå |journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science [of Sweden] |date=1782 |volume=3 |pages=264–275 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHVJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA264 |trans-title=Experiment concerning the coloring substance in Berlin blue |language=Swedish}}
*  Reprinted in Latin as:  {{cite book |last1=Scheele |first1=Carl Wilhelm |last2=Schäfer |first2=Gottfried Heinrich, trans. |editor1-last=Hebenstreit |editor1-first=Ernst Benjamin Gottlieb |title=Opuscula Chemica et Physica |trans-title=Chemical and Physical Works |date=1789 |publisher=Johann Godfried Müller |location=Leipzig (Lipsiae), (Germany) |volume=2 |pages=148–174 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLo5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA148 |language=Latin |chapter=De materia tingente caerulei berolinensis}}</ref> [[hydrogen fluoride]],<ref>Scheele (1771) [https://books.google.com/books?id=d984AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA120 "Undersŏkning om fluss-spat och dess syra"] (Investigation of fluorite and its acid), ''Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar'' (Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science [of Sweden]), '''32''' :  129–138.</ref> and [[hydrogen sulfide]] (1777).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scheele |first1=Carl Wilhelm |title=Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer |trans-title=Chemical treatise on air and fire |date=1777 |publisher=Magnus Swederus |location=Upsala, Sweden |pages=149–155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beoTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA149 |language=German}}  See:  § 97.  ''Die stinckende Schwefel Luft'' (The stinking sulfur air [i.e., gas]).</ref> In addition, he discovered a process similar to [[pasteurization]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scheele |first1=Carl Wilhelm |title=Anmärkningar om sättet att conserva ättika |journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science) |date=1782 |volume=3 |pages=120–122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHVJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA120 |trans-title=Notes on the way to preserve vinegar |language=Swedish}}</ref> along with a means of mass-producing [[phosphorus]] (1769), leading Sweden to become one of the world's leading producers of [[matches]].
[[File:Chlorine-sample.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Chlorine gas]]

Scheele made one other very important scientific discovery in 1774, arguably more revolutionary than his isolation of oxygen.  He identified [[Lime (mineral)|lime]], [[silica]], and [[iron]] in a specimen of [[pyrolusite]] (impure manganese dioxide) given to him by his friend, [[Johann Gottlieb Gahn]], but could not identify an additional component (this was the manganese, which Scheele recognized was present as a new element, but could not isolate). When he treated the pyrolusite with [[hydrochloric acid]] over a warm sand bath, a yellow-green gas with a strong odor was produced.<ref>See:
*  {{cite journal |last1=Scheele |title=Om brunsten, eller magnesia, och dess egenskaper |journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar (Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy [of Sweden] |date=1774 |volume=35 |pages=89–116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ME4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA90-IA5 |trans-title=On pyrolusite or magnesia, and its properties |language=Swedish}}  On pages 93–94 (paragraph 6), "Med den vanliga Salt-syran." ([Reactions of manganese dioxide] with the standard salt-acid [i.e., hydrochloric acid]), Scheele describes a gas (chlorine) that was produced when he reacted manganese dioxide with hydrochloric acid.  Further experiments with chlorine appear in paragraphs 23–26, pp. 105–110.
*  An English translation of the relevant passages about chlorine from Scheele's article appears in:  {{cite book |last1=Leicester |first1=Henry M. |title=A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400–1900 |date=1952 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York, New York, USA |pages=109–110 |isbn=9780674822306 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXZKfpRHLCcC&pg=PA109}}</ref>  He found that the gas sank to the bottom of an open bottle and was denser than ordinary air. He also noted that the gas was not soluble in water. It turned corks a yellow color and removed all color from wet, blue litmus paper and some flowers. He called this gas with bleaching abilities, "dephlogisticated muriatic acid" (dephlogisticated hydrochloric acid, or oxidized hydrochloric acid). Eventually, Sir [[Humphry Davy]] named the gas [[chlorine]], with reference to its pale green colour.

Chlorine's bleaching properties were eventually turned into an industry by [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius|Berzelius]], and became the foundation of a second industry of disinfection and deodorization of putrefied tissue and wounds (including wounds in living humans) in the hands of [[Antoine Labarraque|Labarraque]], by 1824.