Editing Canoe (section)

=== Bark canoes ===
<!-- "Bark canoe" redirects here. See [[MOS:HIDDENLINKADVICE]]. -->

==== Australia ====
Some [[Aboriginal Australian]] peoples made bark canoes.<ref name="Nma.gov.au" /> They could be made only from the bark of certain trees (usually [[Eucalyptus camaldulensis|red gum]] or [[box gum]]) and during summer. After cutting the outline of the required size and shape, a digging stick was used to cut through the bark to the hardwood, and the bark was then slowly prised out using numerous smaller sticks. The slab of bark was held in place by branches or handwoven rope, and after separation from the tree, lowered to the ground. Small fires would then be lit on the inside of the bark to cause the bark to dry out and curl upwards, after which the ends could be pulled together and stitched with hemp and plugged with mud. It was then allowed to mature, with frequent applications of [[Animal fat|grease]] and [[ochre]]. The remaining tree was later dubbed a [[canoe tree]] by Europeans.<ref name="murray">{{cite web|title=Aboriginal canoe trees around found along the Murray River|url=http://www.murrayriver.com.au/about-the-murray/bark-canoe-trees/|access-date=18 March 2020|website=Discover Murray River}}</ref>

Because of the porosity of the bark, these bark canoes did not last too long (about two years<ref name="murray" />). They were mainly used for fishing or crossing rivers and lakes to avoid long journeys. They were usually propelled by punting with a long stick.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 November 2009|title=Did you know?: Canoe trees|url=https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1400|access-date=18 March 2020|website=SA Memory}}</ref> Another type of bark canoe was made out of a type of [[stringybark]] gum known as Messmate stringybark (''[[Eucalyptus obliqua]]''), pleating the bark and tying it at each end, with a framework of cross-ties and ribs. This type was known as a pleated or tied bark canoe. Bark strips could also be sewn together to make larger canoes, known as sewn bark canoes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Couper Black|first=E.|date=December 1947|title=Canoes and Canoe Trees of Australia|journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology|publisher=Australian Anthropological Society|volume=3|issue=12|pages=351–361|doi=10.1111/j.1835-9310.1947.tb00139.x|quote=This paper was read before Section F of the Biennial Meeting of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Adelaide in August, 1946.}}</ref>

==== Americas ====
[[File:Construction canot 1870.jpg|thumb|left|Innu building a [[birch]] bark canoe, [[Mi'kmaq]] camp, [[Matapedia Valley|Matapedia]], [[Quebec]], [[Alexander Henderson (theologian)|Alexander Henderson]], {{circa|1870}}, [[Canada]]]]
[[File:Innu making canoes near Sheshatshiu, ca. 1920.jpg|thumb|left|[[Innu]] making canoes near [[Sheshatshiu]], [[Labrador]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], 1920]]
Many [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]] built [[Bark (botany)|bark]] canoes. They were usually skinned with [[birch]] bark over a light wooden frame, but other types could be used if birch was scarce. At a typical length of {{convert|14|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} and weight of {{convert|50|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}}, the canoes were light enough to be [[portage]]d, yet could carry a lot of cargo, even in shallow water. Although susceptible to damage from rocks, they are easily repaired.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bark canoes|url=http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/watercraft/wab01eng.shtml|publisher=Canadian Museum of Civilization|access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> Their performance qualities were soon recognized by early European [[European colonization of the Americas|settler colonials]], and canoes played a key role in the [[exploration of North America]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Canoeing Heritage|url=http://www.canoemuseum.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=119&Itemid=83|publisher=The [[Canadian Canoe Museum]]|access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> with [[Samuel de Champlain]] canoeing as far as the [[Georgian Bay]] in 1615.

In 1603 a canoe was brought to [[Sir Robert Cecil]]'s [[Cecil House|house]] in London and rowed on the [[River Thames|Thames]] by [[Powhatan|Virginian Indians]] from [[Tsenacommacah]].<ref>Alden T. Vaughan, ''Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians in Britain, 1500-1776'' (Cambridge, 2006), p. 43.</ref> In 1643 [[David Pietersz. de Vries]] recorded a [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] canoe in Dutch possession at [[Manor of Rensselaerswyck|Rensselaerswyck]] capable of transporting 225 [[bushel]]s of maize.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hodge|first=Frederick Webb|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oe0SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA280|title=Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists: Held at Washington, December 27–31, 1915|date=1917|publisher=International Congress of Americanists|pages=280|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jameson|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1sKi0KPTewC&pg=PA226|title=Narratives of New Netherland: 1609–1664|date=May 2009|publisher=Applewood Books|isbn=978-1-4290-1896-8|pages=226|language=en}}</ref> [[René de Bréhant de Galinée]], a French [[missionary]] who explored the [[Great Lakes]] in 1669, declared: "The convenience of these canoes is great in these waters, full of cataracts or waterfalls, and rapids through which it is impossible to take any boat. When you reach them you load canoe and baggage upon your shoulders and go overland until the navigation is good; and then you put your canoe back into the water, and embark again."<ref>{{cite book|last=Kellogg|first=Louise Phelps|title=Early Narratives of the Northwest. 1634–1699|url=https://archive.org/details/earlynarratives01kellgoog|year=1917|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/earlynarratives01kellgoog/page/n196 172]–173}}</ref> American painter, author and traveler [[George Catlin]] wrote that the bark canoe was "the most beautiful and light model of all the water crafts that ever were invented".<ref>{{cite book|last=Catlin|first=George|title=Letters and Notes on the Manners. Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians|year=1989|edition=reprint|location=New York|page=415}}</ref>

[[File:Historic Center of Quito - World Heritage Site by UNESCO - Photo 437.jpg|thumb|These antique [[Dugout (boat)|dugout canoes]] are in the courtyard of the Old Military Hospital in the [[Historic Center of Quito]], Ecuador.]]

The first explorer to cross the North American continent, [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)|Alexander Mackenzie]], used canoes extensively, as did [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]] and the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]].

In the [[North American fur trade]], the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]'s [[voyageurs]] used three types of canoe:<ref>{{cite web|title=The Canoe|url=http://www2.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/transportation/canoe/|publisher=The Hudson's Bay Company|access-date=6 October 2012|archive-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105164822/http://www2.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/transportation/canoe/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* The [[rabaska]] (French: ''canot du maître,'' from the surname of Louise Le Maître, an artisan in the Province of Quebec,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabaska |url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/rabaska#google_vignette |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=Definitions}}</ref> though the term would literally mean "master canoe" otherwise) — also referred to as the "Montreal canoe"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hudson's Bay Company |url=https://www.hbcheritage.ca/things/technology/the-canoe |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=HBC Heritage}}</ref> — was designed for the long haul from the [[St. Lawrence River]] to western [[Lake Superior]]. Its dimensions were length, approximately {{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}; beam, {{convert|4|to|6|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}; and height, about {{convert|30|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}}. It could carry 60 packs weighing {{convert|90|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}}, and {{convert|2000|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}} of provisions. With a crew of eight or ten paddling or rowing, they could make three knots over calm waters. Four to six men could portage it, bottom up. [[Henry Schoolcraft]] declared it "altogether one of the most eligible modes of conveyance that can be employed upon the lakes". [[Archibald McDonald]] of the Hudson's Bay Company wrote: "I never heard of such a canoe being wrecked, or upset, or swamped ... they swam like ducks."<ref name=pdf>{{cite web|title=Portage Trails in Minnesota, 1630s–1870s|url={{NRHP url|id=64500288}}|publisher=United States Department of the Interior National Park Service|access-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>
* The ''{{not a typo|canot}} du nord'' (French: "canoe of the north"), a craft specially made and adapted for speedy travel, was the workhorse of the fur trade transportation system. About half the size of the rabaska, it could carry about 35 packs weighing {{convert|90|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}} and was manned by four to eight men. It could in turn be carried by two men and was portaged in the upright position.<ref name="pdf"/>
* The express canoe (French: "{{not a typo|canot}} léger," light canoe) was about {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} long and was used to carry people, reports, and news.
[[File:Birch Bark Canoe Making.jpg|thumb|right|Birch bark canoe making in Newfoundland, Canada]]

The birch bark canoe was used in a {{convert|6500|km|adj=on}} supply route from [[Montreal]] to the Pacific Ocean and the [[Mackenzie River]], and continued to be used up to the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canoeing|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/canoeing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020135249/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/canoeing|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2012|publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>

The [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] of eastern Canada and the northeast United States made canoes using the bark of the [[Betula papyrifera|paper birch]], which was harvested in early spring by stripping off the bark in one piece, using wooden wedges. Next, the two ends ([[Bow (ship)|stem]] and [[stern]]) were sewn together and made watertight with the [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]] of [[Abies balsamea|balsam fir]]. The ribs of the canoe, called ''verons'' in [[Canadian French]], were made of [[Thuja occidentalis|white cedar]], and the hull, ribs, and thwarts were fastened using [[watap]], a binding usually made from the [[root]]s of various species of [[conifers]], such as the [[Picea glauca|white spruce]], [[Picea mariana|black spruce]], or [[Thuja occidentalis|cedar]], and [[caulked]] with [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Margry|first=Pierre|title=Decouvertes et etablissements des francais dans I'ouest et dans le sud de I'Amerique Septentrionale (1614–1754). 6 vols.|year=1876–1886|location=Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite video|url=http://www.library.arizona.edu/help/how/find/films/indian/e.html|title=Earl's Canoe: A Traditional Ojibwe Craft|date=1999|people=Tom Vennum, Charles Weber, Earl Nyholm (Director)|publisher=Smithsonian Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies|access-date=3 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104164108/http://www.library.arizona.edu/help/how/find/films/indian/e.html|archive-date=4 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>