Editing Canadian raising (section)

==Geographic distribution==
===Inside Canada===
As its name implies, Canadian raising is found throughout most of Canada, though the exact phonetic quality of Canadian raising may differ throughout the country. In raised {{IPAc-en|aʊ}}, the first element tends to be farther back in [[Quebec]] and the [[Canadian Prairies]] and [[Canadian Maritimes|Maritimes]] (particularly in Alberta): thus, {{IPA|[ʌʊ]}}. The first element tends to be the farthest forward in eastern and southern [[Ontario]]: thus, {{IPA|[ɛʊ~ɜʊ]}}.<ref>Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional Phonetic Differentiation in Standard Canadian English". ''Journal of English Linguistics'', 36(2), 129–154, p. 140-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424208316648</ref> [[Newfoundland English]] is the Canadian dialect that participates least in any conditioned Canadian raising, while [[Vancouver]] English may lack the raising of {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} in particular.{{sfn|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2005|p=203}}

===Outside Canada===
Canadian raising is not restricted to Canada. Raising of both {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} and {{IPAc-en|aʊ}} is common in [[New England English|eastern New England]], for example in some [[Boston accent|Boston]] accents (the former more likely than the latter),{{sfn|Boberg|2010|p=156}} as well as in the [[Upper Midwest American English|Upper Midwest]]. [[South Atlantic English]], [[New Orleans English]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.aip.org/asa/jasa/article/147/1/554/828838/The-rise-of-Canadian-raising-of-au-in-New-Orleans |title=The Rise of Canadian Raising of au in New Orleans|access-date=2023-04-26 |website=pubs.aip.org}}</ref> and the accents of England's [[The Fens|Fens]] feature it as well. Raisinɡ of {{IPA|/aɪ/}} before voiceless consonants is found in Wisbech, March, and Chatteris in the Central Fens and King's Lynn, Downham Market, and Ely in the Eastern Fens but not in the Western Fens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Britain |first=David |date=1997 |title=Dialect Contact and Phonological Reallocation: "Canadian Raising" in the English Fens |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4168748 |journal=Language in Society |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=15–46 |issn=0047-4045}}</ref>

Raising of just {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} is found in a much greater number of dialects in the United States; some researchers have begun to refer to raising of {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} without raising of {{IPAc-en|aʊ}} as '''American Raising'''.{{sfn|Davis|Berkson|2021}} This phenomenon is most consistently found in the [[Inland North]], the [[Upper Midwest American English|Upper Midwest]], [[New England English|New England]], [[New York City English|New York City]], and the mid-Atlantic areas of Pennsylvania (including [[Philadelphia English|Philadelphia]]), Maryland, and Delaware, as well as in Virginia.{{sfn|Boberg|2010|p=156}}{{sfn|Kaye|2012}}{{sfn|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2005|p=203}} It is somewhat less common in the lower Midwest, the [[Western American English|West]], and the [[Southern American English|South]]. However, there is considerable variation in the raising of {{IPAc-en|aɪ}}, and it can be found inconsistently throughout the United States.{{sfn|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2005|p=203}}