Editing Cambridge (section)

=== Medieval ===
[[File:Trinity Street, Cambridge.jpg|thumb|[[Trinity Street, Cambridge|Trinity Street]] in 2008 with [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] on the left and [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]] in the background]]
[[File:cmglee St Benets exterior.jpg|thumb|[[St Bene't's Church]], the oldest standing building in [[Cambridgeshire]], next to [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge|Corpus Christi College]]]]
[[File:Peterhouse Chapel.jpg|thumb|[[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]] was the first college to be founded at the [[University of Cambridge]].]]
[[File:President's Lodge, Queens' College, Cambridge.jpg|thumb|The President's Lodge, [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens' College]]]]
Following the [[Roman withdrawal from Britain]] around 410, the location may have been abandoned by the [[Romano-Britons|Britons]], although the site is usually identified as {{nowrap|'''Cair Grauth'''}},<ref>[[Nennius]] ({{abbr|attrib.|Traditional attribution}}). [[Theodor Mommsen]] ({{abbr|ed.|Editor}}). [[s:la:Historia Brittonum#VI. CIVITATES BRITANNIAE|''Historia Brittonum'', VI.]] Composed after AD&nbsp;830. {{in lang|la}} Hosted at [[s:la:Main Page|Latin Wikisource]].</ref> as listed among the 28 [[civitas|cities]] of [[Sub-Roman Britain|Britain]] in the ''[[Historia Brittonum|History of the Britons]]'' attributed to [[Nennius]].{{refn|[[Bishop Ussher]] believed the listing to refer to the [[Cambridge, Gloucestershire|Cambridge]] in [[Gloucestershire]].<ref>Newman, John Henry &&nbsp;al. [http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459 ''Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre'', Ch.&nbsp;X: "Britain in 429, A.&nbsp;D.",<!--sic--> p.&nbsp;92.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321234154/http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459 |date=21 March 2016}} James Toovey (London), 1844.</ref>}} Evidence exists that the [[Saxon invasion of Britain|invading Anglo-Saxons]] had begun occupying the area by the end of the century.<ref>{{cite book | last = Burnham | first = Barry C |author2=Wacher, John | title = The Small Towns of Roman Britain | publisher = B T Batsford | date = 1990 | location = London}}</ref> Their settlement – also on and around Castle Hill – became known as '''Grantebrycge'''{{refn|In the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]], cited by Roach.<ref name="Roach2-15" />}} ("[[River Cam|Granta]]-bridge". By [[Middle English]], the settlement's name had changed to "Cambridg koe", deriving from the word 'Camboricum', meaning 'passage' or 'ford' of stream in a town or settlement,<ref>A Dictionary, english-latin, and latin-english containing all things necessary for the translating of either language into the other
By Elisha Coles · 1679</ref><ref>A Restoration of the Ancient Modes of Bestowing Names on the Rivers, Hills, Vallies, Plains, and Settlements of Britain by Gilbert Dyer Publication date 1805 (page 242)</ref> and the [[River Cam|lower stretches]] of the [[Granta (river)|Granta]] changed their name to match.)<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUsAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA403 |journal=Notes and Queries |first=F. |last=Chance |date=13 November 1869 |volume=4 |location=London |title=Cambridge. |pages=401–404 |access-date=25 February 2012 |publisher=Bell & Daldy |oclc=644126889 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203053122/https://books.google.com/books?id=PUsAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA403 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>) [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century, the town was less significant and described by [[Bede]] as a "little ruined city" containing the burial site of [[Æthelthryth]] (Etheldreda).<ref name="Roach2-15">{{cite book|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66604 |chapter=The city of Cambridge: Medieval History |editor-last=Roach |editor-first=J.P.C. |publisher=Victoria County History |via=Institute of Historical Research |year=1959 |title=A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3: The City and University of Cambridge |access-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612160918/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66604 |archive-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cambridge sat on the border between the [[East Anglia|East]] and [[Middle Anglia]]n kingdoms, and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river.<ref name="Roach2-15" />

The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' reports that [[Vikings]] arrived in 875; they imposed Viking rule, the [[Danelaw]], by 878.<ref name="Brooke">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7T0uIfkPn28C&q=danelaw%20cambridge%20878&pg=PA7 |title=A History of the University of Cambridge |volume=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |pages=9–10 [10] |first=Christopher Nugent Lawrence |last=Brooke |author2=Riehl Leader, Damien |isbn=0-521-32882-9 |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528155914/https://books.google.com/books?id=7T0uIfkPn28C&q=danelaw+cambridge+878&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref> Their vigorous trading habits resulted in rapid growth of the town. During this period, the town's centre shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank.<ref name="Brooke" /> After the Viking period, the Saxons enjoyed a return to power, building churches, such as [[St Bene't's Church]], as well as wharves, merchant houses, and a [[Mint (coin)|mint]] which produced coins with the town's name abbreviated to "Grant".<ref name="Brooke" />

In 1068, two years after the [[Norman Conquest]] of England, [[William the Conqueror]] erected a [[Cambridge Castle|castle]] on Castle Hill, the [[motte]] of which survives.<ref name="Roach2-15" /> Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies.

Cambridge's first town charter was granted by [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] between 1120 and 1131. It granted the town monopoly of waterborne traffic and hithe tolls and recognised the [[borough]] court.<ref name="british-history-66606">{{cite book |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66606 |chapter=The City of Cambridge: Constitutional History |editor-last=Roach |editor-first=J.P.C. |publisher=Victoria County History |via=Institute of Historical Research |year=1959 |title=A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3: The City and University of Cambridge |access-date=26 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612161056/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66606 |archive-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The distinctive [[The Holy Sepulchre, Cambridge|Round Church]] dates from this period.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Roach |editor1-first=J.P.C. |chapter=The City of Cambridge: Churches |title=A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3, the City and University of Cambridge |date=1959 |publisher=Victoria County History |location=London |pages=123–132 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp123-132 |access-date=23 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913130648/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp123-132 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1209, Cambridge University was founded by Oxford students fleeing from hostility.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 December 2009 |publisher=BBC News |title=The Hanging of the Clerks in 1209 |first=Simon |last=Bailey |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/low/people_and_places/history/newsid_8405000/8405640.stm |access-date=24 September 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107223547/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/low/people_and_places/history/newsid_8405000/8405640.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html |title=University and Colleges: A Brief History |publisher=University of Cambridge |date=7 February 2008 |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902111945/http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html |archive-date=2 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The oldest existing college, [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]], was founded in 1284.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pet.cam.ac.uk/welcome-peterhouse/about-college |title= About the College |publisher= Peterhouse College |access-date= 13 January 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100125020618/http://www.pet.cam.ac.uk/welcome-peterhouse/about-college |archive-date= 25 January 2010 |url-status= live}}</ref>

Cambridge had a significant [[History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)|Jewish community in the middle ages]], centred on what is now known as All Saints Passage, then known as the Jewry. A synagogue stood nearby. In January 1275, [[Eleanor of Provence]] expelled Jews from all of the towns within her dower lands, and the Jews of Cambridge were ordered to relocate to [[Norwich]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hillaby |first1=Joe |last2=Hillaby |first2=Caroline |title=The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History |year=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke |isbn=978-0-230-27816-5 |ol= OL28086241M |pages=141–43, 73–9}}</ref>

In 1349, Cambridge was affected by the [[Black Death]]. Few records survive but 16 of 40 scholars at [[King's Hall, Cambridge|King's Hall]] died.<ref name="Ziegler">{{cite book| title=The Black Death |author1-first=Philip |author1-last=Ziegler |isbn=978-0-14-027524-7 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |author2-last=Platt |author2-first=Colin |year=1998 |edition=2nd |page=178}}</ref> The town north of the river was severely impacted, being almost wiped out.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cambridge, Described and Illustrated: Being a Short History of the Town and University |first=Thomas |last=Atkinson |year=1897 |page=41 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |oclc=1663499 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cambridgedescrib00atkiuoft/cambridgedescrib00atkiuoft_djvu.txt |quote=The Ward beyond the Bridge, that is, all the town on the Castle side of the river, appears to have been almost entirely destroyed. Most of the people in the parish of All Saints' in Castro died and those that escaped left the neighbourhood for other parishes. |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405075301/https://archive.org/stream/cambridgedescrib00atkiuoft/cambridgedescrib00atkiuoft_djvu.txt |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following further depopulation after a second national epidemic in 1361, a letter from the Bishop of Ely suggested that two parishes in Cambridge be merged as there were not enough people to fill even one church.<ref name="Ziegler" /> With more than a third of English clergy dying in the Black Death, four new colleges were established at the university over the following years to train new clergymen, namely [[Gonville Hall]], [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]], [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge|Corpus Christi]], and [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5XeBQwrjLwC&pg=PA70 |title=The Black Death and the Transformation of the West |series=European History |first=David |last=Herlihy |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-674-07613-6 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=70 |access-date=25 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203053122/https://books.google.com/books?id=J5XeBQwrjLwC&pg=PA70 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1382, a revised town charter effected a "diminution of the liberties that the community had enjoyed", due to Cambridge's participation in the [[Peasants' Revolt]]. This charter transferred supervision of baking and brewing, weights and measures, and [[Engrossing (law)|forestalling and regrating]], from the town to the university.<ref name="british-history-66606" />

[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]] was begun in 1446 by [[Henry VI of England|King Henry VI]].<ref name="Kings Chapel">{{cite web | url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/history.html | title=History of the Chapel | publisher=King's College, Cambridge | access-date=19 July 2011 | date=13 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717025057/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/history.html | archive-date=17 July 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> Built in phases by a succession of kings of England from 1446 to 1515 — its history intertwined with the [[Wars of the Roses]] — the chapel was completed during the reign of [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]].<ref name="Kings Chapel" /> The building would become synonymous with Cambridge, and currently is used in the logo for the [[Cambridge City Council]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pennick|first1=Nigel|title=Secrets of King's College Chapel|date=9 January 2012|publisher=Karnac Books|page=3}}</ref>