Editing CERN (section)

==== Computer science ====
{{See also|History of the Internet|History of the World Wide Web|Protocol Wars}}
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| caption1 = This [[NeXT Computer]] used by British scientist [[Sir Tim Berners-Lee]] at CERN became the first [[Web server]].
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| caption2 = This [[Cisco Systems]] router at CERN was one of the first [[IP router]]s deployed in Europe.
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| caption3 = A plaque at CERN commemorating the invention of the [[World Wide Web]] by [[Tim Berners-Lee]] and [[Robert Cailliau]]
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CERN pioneered the introduction of [[TCP/IP]] for its [[intranet]], beginning in 1984. This played an influential role in the adoption of the TCP/IP in Europe (see [[History of the Internet]] and [[Protocol Wars]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Segal |first=Ben |date=1995 |title=A short history of Internet protocols at CERN |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245061001 |journal=CERN}}</ref>

In 1989, the [[World Wide Web]] was invented at CERN by [[Tim Berners-Lee]]. Based on the concept of [[hypertext]], the idea was designed to facilitate information sharing between researchers.<ref name="TBL Web Proposal">{{cite web |last1=Berners-Lee |first1=Tim |title=Information Management: A Proposal |url=https://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401051011/https://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html |archive-date=1 April 2010 |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=w3.org |publisher=The World Wide Web Consortium}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-30 |title=The World's First Web Site |url=https://www.history.com/news/the-worlds-first-web-site |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819131610/https://www.history.com/news/the-worlds-first-web-site |archive-date=19 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> This stemmed from Berners-Lee's earlier work at CERN on a database named [[ENQUIRE]]. A colleague, [[Robert Cailliau]], became involved in 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Regan|first=Gerard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSq5BAAAQBAJ|title=Giants of Computing: A Compendium of Select, Pivotal Pioneers|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4471-5340-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Regan|first=Gerard|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-02619-6|title=The Innovation in Computing Companion: A Compendium of Select, Pivotal Inventions|publisher=Springer International Publishing|year=2018|isbn=978-3-030-02618-9|location=Cham|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-02619-6|s2cid=54457158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Scott|first=Virginia A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVz06fnwJvUC&q=ENQUIRE+cern+web&pg=PA19|title=Google|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-0-313-35127-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://public.web.cern.ch/Public/en/About/WebStory-en.html |title=CERN.ch |publisher=CERN |access-date=20 November 2010}}</ref> 

In 1995, Berners-Lee and Cailliau were jointly honoured by the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] for their contributions to the development of the World Wide Web.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Cailliau|url=https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/cailliau_5353144|access-date=2021-02-28|website=awards.acm.org|language=en}}</ref> A copy of the first webpage, created by Berners-Lee, is still published on the [[World Wide Web Consortium]]'s website as a historical document.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html |title=The World Wide Web project |publisher=W3C |access-date=20 November 2010}}</ref> The first website was activated in 1991. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone. It became the dominant way through which most users interact with the [[Internet]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ari-Pekka |first1=Hameri |last2=Nordberg |first2=Markus |date=1997 |title=From Experience: Linking Available Resources and Technologies to Create a Solution for Document Sharing The Early Years of the WWW |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/371101/files/from%20experience_linking%20avalble%20resources.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew |first=Oram |date=2021 |title=Open, Simple, Generative: Why the Web is the Dominant Internet Application |url=https://www.lpi.org/blog/2021/08/17/open-simple-generative-why-web-dominant-internet-application/}}</ref>

More recently, CERN has become a facility for the development of [[grid computing]], hosting projects including the [[Enabling Grids for E-sciencE]] (EGEE) and [[LHC Computing Grid]]. It also hosts the [[CERN Internet Exchange Point]] (CIXP), one of the two main [[internet exchange point]]s in Switzerland. {{As of|2022}}, CERN employs ten times more engineers and technicians than research physicists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Engineering at CERN|url=https://home.cern/science/engineering|website=home.cern}}</ref>