Editing Brown bear (section)

===Evolution===
The brown bear is one of eight extant species in the [[bear|bear family Ursidae]] and of six extant species in the subfamily [[Ursinae]]. {{Phylogeny/Ursidae}}

The brown bear is thought to have evolved from the [[Etruscan bear]] (''Ursus etruscus'') in Asia during the [[early Pliocene]].<ref name="evolution" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Pérez-Hidalgo, T. |year=1992 |title=The European descendants of ''Ursus etruscus'' C. Cuvier (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) |journal=Boletín del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=632–642 |url=http://oa.upm.es/4004/2/TORRES_ART_1992_02.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://oa.upm.es/4004/2/TORRES_ART_1992_02.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> A genetic analysis indicated that the brown bear lineage diverged from the [[cave bear]] species-complex approximately 1.2–1.4&nbsp;million years ago, but did not clarify if ''U. savini'' persisted as a [[paraspecies]] for the brown bear before perishing.<ref name="Loreille">{{cite journal |pmid=11231157 |year=2001 |title=Ancient DNA analysis reveals divergence of the cave bear, ''Ursus spelaeus'', and brown bear, ''Ursus arctos'', lineages |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=200–203 |last1=Loreille |first1=O. |last2=Orlando |first2=L. |last3=Patou-Mathis |first3=M. |last4=Philippe |first4=M. |last5=Taberlet |first5=P. |last6=Hänni |first6=C. |doi=10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00046-x|s2cid=14645603 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2001CBio...11..200L }}</ref> The oldest brown bear fossils occur in Asia from about 500,000 to 300,000 years ago.<ref name="Herrero, S. 1972">{{cite journal|author=Herrero, S. |year=1972|title=Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (''Ursus americanus'' Pallas) and brown and grizzly bears (''U. arctos'' Linne.) of North America|journal=Bears: Their Biology and Management|volume=2|pages= 221–231|url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_2/Herrero.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_2/Herrero.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|doi=10.2307/3872586|jstor=3872586}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kosintsev |first1=Pavel A. |last2=Bocherens |first2=Hervé |last3=Kirillova |first3=Irina V. |last4=Levchenko |first4=Vladimir A. |last5=Zazovskaya |first5=Elya P. |last6=Trofimova |first6=Svetlana S. |last7=Lan |first7=Tianying |last8=Lindqvist |first8=Charlotte |date=5 December 2024 |title=Palaeoecological and genetic analyses of Late Pleistocene bears in Asiatic Russia |journal=[[Boreas (journal)|Boreas]] |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=465–480 |doi=10.1111/bor.12570 |issn=0300-9483 |doi-access=free }}</ref> They entered Europe 250,000 years ago and North Africa shortly after.<ref name="evolution" /> Brown bear remains from the Pleistocene period are common in the [[British Isles]], where, amongst other factors, they may have contributed to the extinction of [[cave bear]]s (''Ursus spelaeus'').<ref name="evolution2">{{cite journal |last1=McLellan |first1=Bruce |last2=Reiner |first2=David C. |year=1994 |title=A Review of bear evolution |url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_9/McLellan_Reiner_Vol_9.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Int. Conf. Bear Res. And Manage |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.2307/3872687 |jstor=3872687 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_9/McLellan_Reiner_Vol_9.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref>

Brown bears first emigrated to North America from Eurasia via [[Beringia]] during the [[Illinoian (stage)|Illinoian Glaciation]].<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Salis |first1=Alexander T. |last2=Bray |first2=Sarah C. E. |last3=Lee |first3=Michael S. Y. |last4=Heiniger |first4=Holly |last5=Barnett |first5=Ross |last6=Burns |first6=James A. |last7=Doronichev |first7=Vladimir |last8=Fedje |first8=Daryl |last9=Golovanova |first9=Liubov |last10=Harington |first10=C. Richard |last11=Hockett |first11=Bryan |last12=Kosintsev |first12=Pavel |last13=Lai |first13=Xulong |last14=Mackie |first14=Quentin |last15=Vasiliev |first15=Sergei |date=December 2022 |title=Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.16267 |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=24 |pages=6407–6421 |doi=10.1111/mec.16267 |pmid=34748674 |bibcode=2022MolEc..31.6407S |issn=0962-1083|hdl=11343/299180 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Genetic evidence suggests that several brown bear populations migrated into North America, aligning with the glacial cycles of the Pleistocene. The founding population of most North American brown bears arrived first, with the genetic lineage developing around ~177,000 [[Before Present|BP]]. Genetic divergences suggest that brown bears first migrated south during [[Marine Isotope Stage 5|MIS-5]] (~92,000–83,000 BP), upon the opening of the ice-free corridor,<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Kubiak |first1=Cara |last2=Grimes |first2=Vaughan |last3=Van Biesen |first3=Geert |last4=Keddie |first4=Grant |last5=Buckley |first5=Mike |last6=Macdonald |first6=Reba |last7=Richards |first7=M. P. |date=2022-06-27 |title=Dietary niche separation of three Late Pleistocene bear species from Vancouver Island, on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.3451 |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |language=en |volume=38 |pages=8–20 |doi=10.1002/jqs.3451 |issn=0267-8179 |s2cid=250134103 |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031102205/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.3451 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":156">{{Cite journal |last1=Steffen |first1=Martina L. |last2=Fulton |first2=Tara L. |date=2018-02-01 |title=On the association of giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in late Pleistocene North America |journal=Geobios |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=61–74 |bibcode=2018Geobi..51...61S |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2017.12.001}}</ref> After a local extinction in Beringia ~33,000 BP, two new but closely related lineages repopulated Alaska and northern Canada from Eurasia after the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] (>25,000 BP).<ref name=":19" />

Brown-bear fossils discovered in [[Ontario]], [[Ohio]], [[Kentucky]], and [[Labrador Peninsula|Labrador]] show that the species occurred farther east than indicated in historic records.<ref name="evolution">{{cite journal |last1=McLellan |first1=Bruce |last2=Reiner |first2=David C. |year=1994 |title=A Review of bear evolution |url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_9/McLellan_Reiner_Vol_9.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_9/McLellan_Reiner_Vol_9.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=Int. Conf. Bear Res. And Manage |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.2307/3872687 |jstor=3872687}}</ref> In North America, two types of the subspecies ''Ursus arctos horribilis'' are generally recognized—the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly bear.<ref name="pasitschniak-arts1993mamsp"></ref>