Editing Brazil (section)

=== Portuguese colonization ===

{{Main|Colonial Brazil|Portuguese Empire}}
{{See also|Slavery in Brazil|War of the Emboabas|Inconfidência Mineira{{!}}Minas Gerais Conspiracy}}
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| image1            = Desembarque de Pedro Álvares Cabral em Porto Seguro em 1500 by Oscar Pereira da Silva (1865–1939).jpg
| caption1          = [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] landing in [[Porto Seguro]] in 1500, ushering in more than 300 years of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese rule]]
| image2            = Conjunto arquitetônico e urbanístico de Ouro Preto.JPG
| caption2          = [[Ouro Preto]], [[Minas Gerais]], was the center of the [[Brazilian Gold Rush]] and was designated a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] due to its [[Portuguese colonial architecture|Baroque colonial architecture]].
| image3            = L'Exécution de la Punition de Fouet by Jean-Baptiste Debret.jpg
| caption3          = ''Execution of the Punishment of the Whip'' by [[Jean-Baptiste Debret]]. Nearly 5 million enslaved Africans were [[Slavery in Brazil|imported to Brazil]] during the [[Atlantic slave trade]], more than any country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Terrence McCoy |date=17 January 2022 |title=More enslaved Africans came to the Americas through this port than anywhere else. Why have so few heard of it? |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/17/brazil-slavery-valongo-wharf/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010164227/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/17/brazil-slavery-valongo-wharf/ |url-status=live }}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
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Following the 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], the land now called Brazil was claimed for the [[Portuguese Empire]] on 22 April 1500, with [[Discovery of Brazil|the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral]].<ref name="Boxer, p. 98">Boxer, p.&nbsp;98.</ref> The Portuguese encountered indigenous peoples divided into several ethnic societies, most of whom spoke languages of the [[Tupi–Guaraní|Tupi–Guarani]] family and fought among themselves.<ref name="Boxer, p.&nbsp;100">Boxer, p. 100.</ref> Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, [[colonization]] effectively began in 1534, when King [[John III of Portugal|John&nbsp;III of Portugal]] divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous [[Captaincies of Brazil|captaincies]].<ref>Boxer, pp.&nbsp;100–101.</ref><ref name="Skidmore, p.&nbsp;27">Skidmore, p.&nbsp;27.</ref>

However, the decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincies proved problematic, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the [[Governorate General of Brazil]] in the city of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], which became the capital of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.<ref name="Skidmore, p.&nbsp;27" /><ref>Boxer, p.&nbsp;101.</ref> In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and European groups lived in constant war, establishing opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each other.<ref>Meuwese, Mark "Brothers in Arms, Partners in Trade: Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World, 1595–1674" Koninklijke Brill NV 2012 {{ISBN|978-90-04-21083-7}} ''Chapter III''</ref><ref>Metcalf, Alida C. "Go-betweens And the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600" University of Texas Press 2005, pp. 70, 79, 202 [https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA202 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182912/https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA202#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012}}<ref>Minahan, James B. "Ethnic Groups of the Americas" ABC-CLIO 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-61069-163-5}} p. 300, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8jVig0ysnu8C&pg=PA300 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182912/https://books.google.com/books?id=8jVig0ysnu8C&pg=PA300 |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref>

By the mid-16th century, [[Sugar#Sugarcane|cane sugar]] had become Brazil's most important export,<ref name="Boxer, p.&nbsp;100" /><ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;36.</ref> while slaves purchased in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] in the [[Slavery in Africa#Atlantic slave trade|slave market of Western Africa]]<ref>Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard "Colonial America: A History to 1763" Wiley-Blackwell Publishing 1st edition 1992 {{ISBN|978-1-4443-9628-7}} Chapter 2, Section 4 (final, last page and half of previous one) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT54 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182805/https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT54#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref> (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]]), had become its largest import,<ref>Boxer, p.&nbsp;110</ref><ref>Skidmore, p.&nbsp;34.</ref> to cope with [[Engenho|sugarcane plantations]], due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar.<ref name="Boxer, p.&nbsp;102">Boxer, p.&nbsp;102.</ref><ref>Skidmore, pp.&nbsp;32–33.</ref> Brazil received more than 2.8 million slaves from Africa between the years 1500 and 1800.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Stuart A. P. |title=The Library An Illustrated History |date=2009 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=978-1-60239-706-4 |location=New York |page=101}}</ref>

By the end of the 17th century, sugarcane exports began to decline<ref>Boxer, p.&nbsp;164.</ref> and the discovery of gold by [[bandeirantes]] in the 1690s would become the new backbone of the colony's economy, fostering a [[Brazilian Gold Rush|gold rush]]<ref>Boxer, pp.&nbsp;168, 170.</ref> which attracted thousands of new [[Settler colonialism|settlers]] to Brazil from Portugal and all Portuguese colonies around the world.<ref>Boxer, p.&nbsp;169.</ref> This increased level of immigration in turn caused [[War of the Emboabas|some conflicts]] between newcomers and old settlers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohn |first=George C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT186 |title=Dictionary of Wars |publisher=Facts on File, Inc. |year=1986 |isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7 |edition=1st |page=174 |access-date=16 October 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183330/https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT186#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Portuguese expeditions known as ''bandeiras'' gradually [[Uti possidetis#The Brazilian frontier movement into Spanish-claimed lands|expanded Brazil's original colonial frontiers]] in South America to its approximately current borders.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=George Richard Potter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA498 |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |last2=Henry Clifford Darby |last3=Harold Fullard |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1957 |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=498 |access-date=16 October 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183451/https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA498#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Corrado, Jacopo "The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism" [[Cambria Press]] 2008 {{ISBN|978-1-60497-529-1}} pp. 95 (Brazil) and 145, note 5 [https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&q=tordesilha+bandeira+portugal+brazil+advance&pg=PA145 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502120801/https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&q=tordesilha+bandeira+portugal+brazil+advance&pg=PA145 |date=2 May 2023 }}</ref> In this era, other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French [[France Antarctique|in Rio during the 1560s]], [[Equinoctial France|in Maranhão during the 1610s]], and the [[Dutch invasions of Brazil|Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco]], during the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]], after the end of [[Iberian Union]].<ref>Bethell, Leslie "Colonial Brazil" Cambridge University Press 1987 pp. 19, 74, 86, 169–70</ref>

The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial order and the [[monopoly]] of Portugal's wealthiest and largest colony: to keep under control and eradicate all forms of [[slave rebellion]] and resistance, such as the [[Palmares (quilombo)|Quilombo of Palmares]],<ref>Schwartz, Stuart B. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels" Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 1992 {{ISBN|0-252-06549-2}} Chapter 4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC&pg=PA103 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183446/https://books.google.com/books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref> and to repress all movements for autonomy or [[independence]], such as the [[Inconfidência Mineira|Minas Gerais Conspiracy]].<ref>MacLachlan, Colin M. "A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future"; Scholarly Resources Inc. 2003 p. 3 [https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3RcnkKwJgC&pg=PA3 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183443/https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3RcnkKwJgC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}</ref>