Editing Braunschweig (section)

===19th century===
[[File:Braunschweig Brunswick BS-Landtag (2005).JPG|thumb|left|''Landschaftliches Haus'', ''[[Landtag]]'' building of the Duchy and the Free State of Brunswick]]
In 1806, the city was captured by the [[France|French]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and became part of the short-lived [[Napoleon]]ic [[Kingdom of Westphalia]] in 1807. The exiled Duke [[Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Frederick William]] raised a volunteer corps, the [[Black Brunswickers]], who fought the French in several battles.<ref name="Jarck1">{{cite book | editor1 = Horst-Rüdiger Jarck | editor2 = Günter Scheel | title = Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 19. und 20. Jahrhundert | year = 1996 | language = de | publisher = Hahnsche Buchhandlung | location = Hannover| isbn = 3-7752-5838-8| page = 92|ref={{Harvid|Jarck/Scheel (eds)|1996}}}}</ref>

After the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, Brunswick was made capital of the re-established independent [[Duchy of Brunswick]], later a constituent state of the [[German Empire]] from 1871. In the aftermath of the [[July Revolution]] in 1830, in Brunswick duke [[Charles II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Charles II]] was forced to abdicate. His [[Absolute monarchy|absolutist]] governing style had previously alienated the nobility and [[bourgeoisie]], while the lower classes were disaffected by the bad economic situation. During the night of 7–8 September 1830, the [[Brunswick Palace|ducal palace]] in Brunswick was stormed by an angry mob, set on fire, and destroyed completely.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gerhard |last=Schildt |date=2000 |chapter=Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit |editor1=Horst-Rüdiger Jarck |editor2=Gerhard Schildt |title=Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region |location=Braunschweig |publisher=Appelhans Verlag |pages=753–766 |isbn=3-930292-28-9}}</ref> Charles was succeeded by his brother [[William VIII, Duke of Brunswick|William VIII]]. During William's reign, liberal reforms were made and Brunswick's parliament was strengthened.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schildt|2000|pp=772–777}}</ref>

During the 19th century, [[industrialisation]] caused a rapid growth of population in the city, eventually causing Brunswick to be for the first time significantly enlarged beyond its medieval [[Defensive wall|fortifications]] and the River Oker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.braunschweig.de/leben/stadtportraet/stadtteile/oestl_ringgebiet/geschichte.html |title=Geschichte |publisher=Braunschweig.de |access-date=2015-07-19}}</ref> On 1 December 1838, the first section of the [[Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway]] line connecting Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel opened as the first railway line in Northern Germany, operated by the [[Duchy of Brunswick State Railway]].<ref>E. Oppermann (1911): ''Landeskunde des Herzogtums Braunschweig. Geschichte und Geographie.'' Braunschweig: E. Appelhans, p. 64.</ref><ref>Neubauer, Jürgen / Salewsky, Dieter (1988): ''150 Jahre 1. Deutsche Staatseisenbahn Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel.'' Braunschweig: Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag. {{ISBN|3-926701-05-6}}.</ref>