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===Rutherford nuclear model=== {{main| Rutherford atom| Rutherford scattering experiments}} In 1908, [[Hans Geiger]] and [[Ernest Marsden]] demonstrated that [[alpha particle]] occasionally scatter at large angles, a result inconsistent with Thomson's model. In 1911 Ernest Rutherford developed a new scattering model, showing that the observed large angle scattering could be explained by a compact, highly charged mass at the center of the atom. Rutherford scattering did not involve the electrons and thus his [[Rutherford atom|model of the atom]] was incomplete.<ref name=Heilbron1968>{{Cite journal |last=Heilbron |first=John L. |date=1968 |title=The Scattering of Ξ± and Ξ² Particles and Rutherford's Atom |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41133273 |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=247β307 |doi=10.1007/BF00411591 |jstor=41133273 |issn=0003-9519}}</ref> Bohr begins his first paper on his atomic model by describing Rutherford's atom as consisting of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus attracting negatively charged [[electron]]s.<ref name="bohr1">{{Cite journal |last=Bohr |first=N. |date=July 1913 |title=I. On the constitution of atoms and molecules |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2493915 |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |volume=26 |issue=151 |pages=1β25 |doi=10.1080/14786441308634955|bibcode=1913PMag...26....1B }}</ref>
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