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===Decline and recovery=== [[File:BinghamtonTSLee2011.jpg|right|thumb|Flooding in 2011 due to the remnants of [[Tropical Storm Lee (2011)|Tropical Storm Lee]]]] Post-war [[suburb]]an development led to a decline in the city's population and the rapid growth of the towns of [[Vestal, New York|Vestal]] and [[Union, New York|Union]].<ref name="broomehist" /> Like many other [[Rust Belt]] cities, traditional manufacturers saw steep declines, though Binghamton's technology industry limited this impact. [[Urban renewal]] efforts to reverse these trends dominated construction in the city during the 1960s and early 1970s and led to the destruction of many ornate city buildings.<ref name="broomehist" /> The construction included the creation of [[Government Plaza, Binghamton|Government Plaza]], the [[Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena]], and the [[Brandywine Highway]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Heavey |first=James |title=$80,000,000 Public-Private Outlay Urged to Rebuild Mid-City Area |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201961/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201961%20-%204061.pdf |access-date=August 31, 2013 |newspaper=The Evening Press |location=Binghamton, NY |date=March 22, 1961 |archive-date=January 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113212313/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201961/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201961%20-%204061.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Five-Stage Plan Is Urged to Cushion Impact |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201963/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201963%20-%200580.pdf |access-date=August 31, 2013 |newspaper=The Sunday Press |location=Binghamton, NY |date=January 13, 1963}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fitchette |first=Woody |title=City Gets $6,363,571 Project 1 Renewal Aid |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201968/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201968%20a%20-%205447.pdf |access-date=August 31, 2013 |newspaper=The Binghamton Press |date=November 13, 1968 |location=Binghamton, NY}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> While these projects failed to stem most of the losses, they established Binghamton as the region's government and cultural center.<ref name="broomehist" /> The city's population declined from approximately 64,000 in 1969 to 56,000 by the early 1980s.<ref name=psb>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Platsky |title=Former Binghamton Mayor Al Libous dies |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/story/news/2016/06/30/former-binghamton-mayor-al-libous-dies/86572176/ |work=[[Press & Sun-Bulletin]] |date=June 30, 2016 |access-date=July 16, 2016 |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703063729/https://www.pressconnects.com/story/news/2016/06/30/former-binghamton-mayor-al-libous-dies/86572176/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Binghamton, New York skyline.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Binghamton's skyline]] As the Cold War ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union, defense-related industries in the Binghamton area began to falter, resulting in several closures and widespread layoffs<ref name="bingcityhist2">{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.binghamton-ny.gov/history |work=City of Binghamton, New York |access-date=August 31, 2013 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054455/http://www.binghamton-ny.gov/history |url-status=dead}}</ref> These were most notable at IBM, which sold its [[IBM Federal Systems|Federal Systems]] division and laid off several thousands of workers.<ref name="pewcenter" /> The local economy went into a deep recession, and the long-prevalent manufacturing jobs dropped by 64% from 1990 to 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last=Platsky |first=Jeff |title=Binghamton region gains 100 jobs, but manufacturing at all-time low |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/article/20130307/BUSINESS/303070048/Binghamton-region-gains-100-jobs-manufacturing-all-time-low |access-date=August 31, 2013 |newspaper=Press & Sun-Bulletin |location=Binghamton, NY |date=March 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130831191656/http://www.pressconnects.com/article/20130307/BUSINESS/303070048/Binghamton-region-gains-100-jobs-manufacturing-all-time-low |archive-date=August 31, 2013}}</ref> In the 21st century, the city has tried to diversify its economic base to spur revitalization. The local economy has slowly transitioned toward services and healthcare.<ref name="jobshift" /> Major emphasis has been placed on [[Binghamton University]], which built a downtown campus in 2007<ref>{{cite web |title=Campus Facilities |url=http://www.binghamton.edu/visiting-campus/campus-facilities.html |publisher=Binghamton University |access-date=August 31, 2013 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403174541/https://www.binghamton.edu/visiting-campus/campus-facilities.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and several student housing complexes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Binghamton & Regional Economy |url=http://www.binghamton-ny.gov/binghamton-regional-economy |publisher=City of Binghamton, New York |access-date=August 31, 2013 |archive-date=November 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113020229/http://www.binghamton-ny.gov/binghamton-regional-economy |url-status=dead}}</ref> The increased downtown residential population and the university's plans to build additional student housing have spurred development of supporting businesses and a renewed focus on the riverfront.<ref name="downtownrevival">{{cite news |last=Robinson |first=David |title=A year of revival for downtown Binghamton |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/article/20121227/NEWS01/312270049/0/news01/Binghamton-had-a-significant-year-in-terms-of-turnaround- |access-date=August 31, 2013 |newspaper=Press & Sun-Bulletin |date=December 27, 2013 |location=Binghamton, NY |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130831192912/http://www.pressconnects.com/article/20121227/NEWS01/312270049/0/news01/Binghamton-had-a-significant-year-in-terms-of-turnaround- |archive-date=August 31, 2013}}</ref> Unfortunately, two severe floods have stymied the recovery: while most of the impact of the [[Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006]] was in the surrounding metropolitan area, the remnants of [[Tropical Storm Lee (2011)|Tropical Storm Lee]] topped city flood walls in September 2011, causing $1 billion of damage in greater Binghamton.<ref>{{cite web |last=Masters |first=Jeff |title=Tropical Storm Lee's flood in Binghamton: was global warming the final straw? |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/tropical-storm-lees-flood-in-binghamton-was-global-warming-the-final |work=Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog |publisher=Weather Underground |access-date=August 31, 2013 |date=December 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831041512/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/tropical-storm-lees-flood-in-binghamton-was-global-warming-the-final |archive-date=August 31, 2013}}</ref> On April 3, 2009, the [[2009 Binghamton shooting|deadliest mass shooting in New York history]] occurred at the [[American Civic Association (Binghamton)|American Civic Association]]'s offices in Binghamton.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Esposito |first1=Richard |last2=Thomas |first2=Pierre |last3=Goldman |first3=Russell |last4=Potter |first4=Ned |last5=Michels |first5=Scott |title=Binghamton Rampage Leaves 14 Dead, Police Don't Know Motive |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=7249853 |access-date=August 31, 2013 |newspaper=Nightline |agency=ABC News |date=April 3, 2009 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055514/http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=7249853 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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