Editing Beyoncé (section)

=== 2002–2007: ''Dangerously in Love'', ''B'Day'', and ''Dreamgirls'' ===
[[File:Beyonce Baby Boy Dancing.jpg|thumb|left|Beyoncé performing "[[Baby Boy (Beyoncé song)|Baby Boy]]", which spent nine consecutive weeks at number one on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart<ref name="BabyBoy1" />| alt=A woman, flanked by two male dancers, holds a microphone in one hand as she dances]]
In July 2002, Beyoncé made her theatrical film debut, portraying the character [[Foxxy Cleopatra]] alongside [[Mike Myers]] in the comedy ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]''. The film debuted at number one at the U.S. box office and earned $73 million during its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite news|title=Austin Powers in Goldmember|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020726/REVIEWS/207260301/1023|first=Roger|last=Ebert|date=July 26, 2002|access-date=February 25, 2011|archive-date=September 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914170515/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20020726%2FREVIEWS%2F207260301%2F1023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=austinpowers3.htm|title=Austin Powers in Goldmember|publisher=Box Office Mojo|access-date=October 23, 2012|archive-date=October 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014052011/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=austinpowers3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> To accompany the film, Beyoncé released "[[Work It Out (Beyoncé song)|Work It Out]]" as the lead single from its soundtrack.<ref name="g066">{{cite web | title=‘Austin Powers’ Soundtrack Shines With Stars | website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=June 28, 2002 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/austin-powers-soundtrack-shines-with-stars-75242/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> Beyoncé's hit as a solo artist was a feature on [[Jay-Z]]'s track "[['03 Bonnie & Clyde]]" from his album ''[[The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse]]'' (2002).<ref name="n442">{{cite web | first1=Sydney | last1=Urbanek | first2=Andrew | last2=Unterberger | title=Beyonce’s ‘Work It Out’: A Look Back at the Debut Solo Smash That Wasn't | website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=March 23, 2022 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/beyonce-work-it-out-debut-single-1235047771/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> The single peaked at number four on the Hot 100 chart.<ref name="v963">{{cite web | last=Aniftos | first=Rania | title=Beyoncé’s Billboard Hot 100 Top 10s From 'Crazy in Love' to 'Texas Hold 'Em' & 'Jolene' | website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=September 4, 2024 | url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/beyonce-billboard-hot-100-top-10s-list/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> Beyoncé appeared as Jay-Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, fueling speculation about a relationship.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Beyoncé Knowles Biography|url=http://www.people.com/people/beyonce_knowles/biography|magazine=People|access-date=March 28, 2013|archive-date=April 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426055053/http://www.people.com/people/beyonce_knowles/biography}}</ref> She shared that they began dating when she was nineteen, after being friends for a year and a half before going on any dates.<ref name="y852">{{cite web | last=Lutkin | first=Aimée | title=Beyoncé and Jay-Z's Relationship Timeline | website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] | date=February 2, 2025 | url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a42714174/beyonce-jay-z-relationship-timeline/ | access-date=May 17, 2025}}</ref>

On June 14, 2003, Beyoncé premiered songs from her debut solo album, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'', during her first solo concert, which was broadcast as a [[pay-per-view]] television special.<ref name="Corey2">{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Corey |title=Beyonce Pushes Up Release Date Of Solo Debut |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472224/20030602/Beyoncé_beyonce.jhtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140228193909/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472224/20030602/Beyonc%C3%A9_beyonce.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |publisher=MTV News |date=June 2, 2003 |access-date=May 8, 2008}}</ref> The album was officially released on June 24, 2003, following the solo releases of her Destiny's Child bandmates Williams and Rowland.<ref name="Kaufman"/><ref name="n433">{{cite web | last=Mckinney | first=Jessica | title=Markus Klinko on Beyonce’s Dangerously in Love Shoot | website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]] | date=June 26, 2023 | url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/j-mckinney/markus-klinko-beyonce-dangerously-in-love | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> ''Dangerously in Love'' debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart, selling 317,000 copies in its first week.<ref name="p938">{{cite web | last=Ramirez | first=Erika | title=Beyonce, 'Dangerously In Love': Classic Track-By-Track Review | website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=June 22, 2013 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/beyonce-dangerously-in-love-classic-track-by-track-review-1568019/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> The album's lead single, "[[Crazy in Love]]", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyoncé's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Martens|first=Todds|title=Beyoncé, Jay-Z: 'Crazy' As Ever|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/69469/beyonce-jay-z-crazy-as-ever| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/69469/beyonce-jay-z-crazy-as-ever| archive-date=October 27, 2021|magazine=Billboard|date=August 21, 2003|access-date=February 10, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The single "[[Baby Boy (Beyoncé song)|Baby Boy]]" also reached number one,<ref name="BabyBoy1">{{cite magazine|last=Martens|first=Todd|title='Stand Up' Ends 'Baby Boy' Reign|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/67981/stand-up-ends-baby-boy-reign| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/67981/stand-up-ends-baby-boy-reign| archive-date=October 27, 2021|magazine=Billboard|date=November 28, 2003|access-date=April 2, 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> while "[[Me, Myself and I (Beyoncé song)|Me, Myself and I]]" and "[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]]" both reached the top-five.<ref name="beyoncehot100">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/hot-100|title=Beyoncé Album and Song Chart History: Hot 100|magazine=Billboard|access-date=June 13, 2011|archive-date=November 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121090844/https://www.billboard.com/artist/beyonce/chart-history/hot-100/|url-status=live}}</ref> The album earned Beyoncé a then record-tying five awards at the [[46th Annual Grammy Awards]], including [[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]] and Best R&B Song for "Crazy in Love".<ref name="2004 Grammys">{{cite news|last=Patel|first=Joseph|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1484884/beyonce-wins-most-50-shut-out-at-grammys.jhtml|title=Beyoncé Wins Most, Outkast Shine, 50 Cent Shut Out at Grammys|publisher=MTV News|date=February 4, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220032646/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1484884/beyonce-wins-most-50-shut-out-at-grammys.jhtml|archive-date=February 20, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> She later starred alongside [[Cuba Gooding Jr.]] in the musical comedy ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' (2003), portraying a single mother and the love interest of Gooding's character. It received mixed reviews from critics and [[box-office bomb|underperformed at the box office]].<ref name="c559">{{cite web | title=The Fighting Temptations | website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fighting_temptations | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref><ref name="j444">{{cite web | title=The Fighting Temptations | website=[[Box Office Mojo]] | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1330873857/ | language=eo | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> Beyoncé performed several songs for the [[The Fighting Temptations (soundtrack)|film's soundtrack]], including its two singles, "[[Fighting Temptation]]" and "[[Summertime (Beyoncé song)|Summertime]]".<ref name="j818">{{cite web | title=Beyonce Tunes Lead ‘Temptations’ Soundtrack | website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=August 13, 2003 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/beyonce-tunes-lead-temptations-soundtrack-69559/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref>

In November 2003, Beyoncé embarked on the [[Dangerously in Love Tour]] across Europe,<ref name="r168">{{cite web | last=Sager | first=Jessica | title=Beyoncé's Net Worth in 2025 and How She Earned Enough to 'Run the World' | website=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] | date=February 12, 2024 | url=https://parade.com/1138672/jessicasager/beyonce-net-worth/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> and later joined [[Missy Elliott]] and [[Alicia Keys]] for the [[Verizon Ladies First Tour]] in North America.<ref name="r846">{{cite book | last=Arenofsky | first=Janice | title=Beyoncé Knowles | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] | date=2009 | isbn=979-8-216-05273-9 | page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Patel|first=Joseph|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1484659/beyonce-alicia-missy-plan-spring-tour.jhtml|title=Beyoncé, Alicia Keys And Missy Elliott Plan Spring Tour|date=January 28, 2004|publisher=MTV News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107140505/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1484659/beyonce-alicia-missy-plan-spring-tour.jhtml|archive-date=November 7, 2012}}</ref> On February 1, 2004, she performed the [[American national anthem]] at [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]], held at [[Reliant Stadium]] in Houston.<ref name="t516">{{cite web | last=Sheffield | first=Rob | title=The 30 Most Memorable Super Bowl National Anthems | website=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=February 9, 2025 | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-super-bowl-national-anthems-10706/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref><ref name="s003">{{cite web | title=Beyoncé to perform at Super Bowl's half-time show, sources say | website=[[The Guardian]] | agency=[[Associated Press]] | date=October 16, 2012 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/16/beyonce-super-bowl-half-time-show | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> Beyoncé had planned to produce a follow-up to ''Dangerously in Love'' using several of the leftover tracks; this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording Destiny's Child's final album, ''[[Destiny Fulfilled]]''.<ref name="JPatel">{{cite news|last=Patel|first=Joseph|title=Beyoncé Puts Off Second Solo LP To Reunite Destiny's Child|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1484202/20040107/knowles_beyonce.jhtml|publisher=MTV News|date=January 1, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115070521/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1484202/20040107/knowles_beyonce.jhtml|archive-date=January 15, 2008}}</ref> Released on November 15, 2004, in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/destiny-fulfilled-mw0000261084| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.allmusic.com/album/destiny-fulfilled-mw0000261084| archive-date=October 27, 2021|title=Destiny Fulfilled – Destiny's Child|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=October 24, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and peaking at number two on the ''Billboard'' 200,<ref>{{cite news|last=Whitmire|first=Margo|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/65514/eminem-thankful-to-remain-no-1| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/65514/eminem-thankful-to-remain-no-1| archive-date=October 27, 2021|title=Eminem Thankful To Remain No. 1|newspaper=Billboard|date=November 24, 2004|access-date=October 24, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="riaadestinyschild">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS|title=Gold and Platinum – Destiny's Child|publisher=Recording Industry Association of America|access-date=November 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626051113/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS|archive-date=June 26, 2007}}</ref> ''Destiny Fulfilled'' included the singles "[[Lose My Breath]]" and "[[Soldier (Destiny's Child song)|Soldier]]", both of which reached within the top five in the U.S.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/destiny%27s-child/chart-history/|title=Destiny's Child Album and Song Chart History|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 24, 2012|archive-date=November 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121090834/https://www.billboard.com/artist/destiny%27s-child/chart-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Destiny's Child embarked on a global concert tour titled [[Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It]]. It featured performances of many of the group's biggest hits, including "No, No, No" and "Say My Name", as well as selections from each member's solo career.<ref name="s756">{{cite web | title=Destiny fulfilled | website=[[The Age]] | date=April 20, 2005 | url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/destiny-fulfilled-20050420-ge00gb.html | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref><ref name="b318"/> At the final stop of their European tour in [[Barcelona]] in June 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour.<ref name="b318">{{cite web | title=Destiny's Child To Split After Fall Tour | website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=June 12, 2005 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/destinys-child-to-split-after-fall-tour-62619/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref><ref name="q991">{{cite web | last=Devenish | first=Colin | title=Destiny's Child to Split | website=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=June 13, 2005 | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/destinys-child-to-split-180447/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> The group released their first compilation album, [[Number 1's (Destiny's Child album)|''#1's'']], in October and were honored with a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] in March 2006.<ref name="y518">{{cite web | last=Harvell | first=Jess | title=Destiny’s Child: #1's | website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] | date=October 26, 2005 | url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/2290-1s/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref><ref name="m016">{{cite web | title=Destiny's Child in star ceremony | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=March 29, 2006 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4856962.stm | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Beyonce.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|right|Beyoncé performing during [[the Beyoncé Experience]] tour in 2007]]

Beyoncé's second solo album, ''[[B'Day]]'', was released in the United States on September 4, 2006, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday.<ref name="y215">{{cite web | last=Sullivan | first=Caroline | title=CD: Beyoncé, B'Day | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=September 1, 2006 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/sep/01/popandrock.urban1 | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref><ref name="q242">{{cite web | last=Boucher | first=Geoff | title=A 'B'Day' present to and from Beyonce | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url-access=subscription | date=September 14, 2006 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-sep-14-wk-album14-story.html | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> The album debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart, selling 541,000 copies in its first week, making it her second consecutive number-one album in the U.S.<ref name="r060">{{cite web | last=Boardman | first=Madeline | title=Beyonce Makes History | website=[[HuffPost]] | date=December 18, 2013 | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/beyonce-no-1-makes-history_n_4465471 | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref><ref name="n758">{{cite web | title=Beyonce’s ‘B-Day’ Makes Big Bow At No. 1 | website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=September 13, 2006 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/beyonces-b-day-makes-big-bow-at-no-1-57265/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> The album's lead single, "[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]", featuring Jay-Z, reached number four on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart.<ref name="u032">{{cite web | title=Furtado Still No. 1 But Beyonce, Fergie Heat Up | website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=August 3, 2006 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/furtado-still-no-1-but-beyonce-fergie-heat-up-57644/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> The second international single, "[[Irreplaceable]]", topped the charts in several territories worldwide, including the U.S.<ref name="v514">{{cite web | title=Beyonce ‘Irreplaceable’ At No. 1 On Hot 100 | website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=December 7, 2006 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/beyonce-irreplaceable-at-no-1-on-hot-100-56500/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> ''B'Day'' also produced several additional singles, including "[[Ring the Alarm]]", "[[Get Me Bodied]]", and "[[Green Light (Beyoncé song)|Green Light]]".<ref name="z617">{{cite web | last=Cinquemani | first=Sal | title=Review: Beyoncé, 'B’Day' | website=[[Slant (magazine)|Slant]] | date=August 29, 2006 | url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/beyonce-bday/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref><ref name="s313">{{cite web | last=Hiatt | first=Brian | title=B'Day | website=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=September 21, 2006 | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/bday-250982/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> At the [[49th Annual Grammy Awards|2007 Grammy Awards]], ''B'Day'' received five nominations, including [[Best Contemporary R&B Album]]  and [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song|Best R&B Song]] and [[Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] for "Déjà Vu".<ref name="g408"/> In 2008, the album garnered more nominations, including [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] for "Irreplaceable".<ref name="m226">{{cite web | last=Grein | first=Paul | title=Beyonce Is 1 for 18 in the Grammys’ Big Four Categories: A Closer Look | website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=February 7, 2023 | url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/beyonce-losing-grammy-big-four-categories-analysis/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref>

Beyoncé's first acting role in 2006 was in the comedy film ''[[The Pink Panther]]'', in which she starred alongside [[Steve Martin]].<ref name="v979">{{cite web | last=Stevens | first=Dana | title=Steve Martin in The Pink Panther. | website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] | date=February 10, 2006 | url=https://slate.com/culture/2006/02/steve-martin-in-the-pink-panther.html | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> The film was a commercial success, grossing $158 million worldwide.<ref name="h558">{{cite web | last=McCarthy | first=Todd | title=The Pink Panther 2 | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=February 5, 2009 | url=https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/the-pink-panther-2-2-1200473843/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> Her second film that year, ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]''—a cinematic adaptation of [[Dreamgirls|the 1981 Broadway musical]]—received critical acclaim and earned $154 million globally. Portraying a pop singer modeled after [[Diana Ross]], Beyoncé starred alongside [[Jennifer Hudson]], [[Jamie Foxx]], and [[Eddie Murphy]].<ref name="m019">{{cite web | last=Rooney | first=David | title=Dreamgirls | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=November 30, 2006 | url=https://variety.com/2006/film/awards/dreamgirls-7-1200511727/ | access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> In April 2007, Beyoncé embarked on [[the Beyoncé Experience]], her first worldwide concert tour, which visited 97 venues<ref>{{cite news|first=Deanne|last=Whitfield|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2007/10/27/malaysia039s-loss-indonesia039s-gain-beyonce-knowles-play-jakarta.html-0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705143856/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2007/10/27/malaysia039s-loss-indonesia039s-gain-beyonce-knowles-play-jakarta.html-0|archive-date=July 5, 2011|title=Malaysia's loss is Indonesia's gain: Beyoncé Knowles to play Jakarta|newspaper=[[The Jakarta Post]]|date=October 27, 2007|access-date=October 24, 2012}}</ref> and grossed over $24&nbsp;million.{{efn|The gross takings from the 29 shows which were reported to ''Billboard'' Boxscore totalled $24.9&nbsp;million; the tour comprised 96 concerts.<ref name="total">{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EX4yD1pJCxUC&q=The%20Beyonc%C3%A9%20Experience%20tour%20boxscore&pg=RA1-PA38|title=Taking It Onstage|magazine=Billboard|first=Mariel|last=Concepcion|page=38|volume=121|number=39|date=October 3, 2009|issn=0006-2510|access-date=June 8, 2013|archive-date=March 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304074550/https://books.google.com/books?id=EX4yD1pJCxUC&q=The%20Beyonc%C3%A9%20Experience%20tour%20boxscore&pg=RA1-PA38#v=snippet&q=The%20Beyonc%C3%A9%20Experience%20tour%20boxscore&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>|group="note"}} Beyoncé conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and [[Feeding America|America's Second Harvest]]. At the same time, ''B'Day'' was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with [[Shakira]] "[[Beautiful Liar]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/bday-deluxe-edition-mr0002778311| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/bday-deluxe-edition-mr0002778311| archive-date=October 27, 2021|title=''B'Day'' (Deluxe Edition) – Beyoncé|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=October 24, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In June 2007, Beyoncé and Jay-Z announced their engagement.<ref name="t076">{{cite web | title=Beyonce and Jay-Z engaged | website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] | date=June 4, 2007 | url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/beyonce-and-jay-z-engaged/F4QMIV7IAPU3RJA6USLOHKNTX4/ | access-date=May 17, 2025}}</ref>