Editing Bernicia (section)

==English Bernicia==
[[File:Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg|thumb|300px]]
Some of the Angles of Bernicia ({{langx|ang|Beornice}}) may have been employed as [[mercenary|mercenaries]] along [[Hadrian's Wall]] during the late [[Roman Britain|Roman]] period. Others are thought to have migrated north (by sea) from [[Deira (kingdom)|Deira]] ({{langx|ang|Derenrice}} or ''Dere'') in the early 6th century.<ref>''The History of England – From the Earliest Times to the Norman Conquest'' By Thomas Hodgkin, Published by READ BOOKS, 2007, {{ISBN|1-4067-0896-8}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4067-0896-7}}</ref> The first Anglian king in the historical record is [[Ida of Bernicia|Ida]], who is said to have obtained the throne and the kingdom about 547. His sons spent many years fighting a united force from the surrounding Brythonic kingdoms until their alliance collapsed into civil war.

===A forcibly united Northumbria===
Ida's grandson, [[Æthelfrith of Northumbria|Æthelfrith]] (Æðelfriþ), united [[Deira (kingdom)|Deira]] with his own kingdom by force around 604. He ruled the two kingdoms (united as Northumbria) until he was defeated and killed by [[Rædwald of East Anglia]] (who had given refuge to [[Edwin of Northumbria|Edwin]], son of [[Ælla of Deira|Ælle, king of Deira]]) around 616. Edwin then became king. The early part of Edwin's reign was possibly spent fighting enemies from the Brythonic exiles of the old British kingdom, operating out of [[Gododdin]]. After this, it is said that on Easter Day 627 Edwin converted to Christianity in return for [[Elmet]] (a [[Cumbric]]-speaking<ref name="CelticCulture">{{cite book |last= Koch|first= John T.|title= Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=515&pg=PA515|publisher= ABC-CLIO|year= 2006|pages=515–516|isbn= 9781851094400}}</ref> kingdom that once existed in the modern-day [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], near [[Leeds]]), joining the kingdom of Northumbria;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/stream/upperwharfedaleb00speiuoft/upperwharfedaleb00speiuoft_djvu.txt | title=Upper Wharfedale : Being a complete account of the history, antiquities and scenery of the picturesque valley of the Wharfe, from Otley to Langstrothdale | year=1900 }}</ref> which drew him into direct conflict with Wales proper.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Following the disastrous [[Battle of Hatfield Chase]] on 12 October 633, in which Edwin was defeated and killed by [[Cadwallon ap Cadfan]] of [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]] and [[Penda of Mercia]], Northumbria was divided back into Bernicia and Deira. Bernicia was then briefly ruled by [[Eanfrith of Bernicia|Eanfrith]], son of Æthelfrith, but after about a year he went to Cadwallon to sue for peace and was killed. Eanfrith's brother [[Oswald of Northumbria|Oswald]] then raised an army and finally defeated Cadwallon at the [[Battle of Heavenfield]] in 634.

After this victory, Oswald appears to have been recognised by both Bernicians and Deirans as king of a properly united Northumbria. The kings of Bernicia were thereafter supreme in that kingdom, although Deira had its own sub-kings at times during the reigns of [[Oswiu of Northumbria|Oswiu]] and his son [[Ecgfrith of Northumbria|Ecgfrith]].

=== Rump of Northumbria ===
[[File:England 878.svg|thumb|150px|England in 878. The independent rump of the former Kingdom of Northumbria (yellow) was to the north of the [[Norsemen|Norse]] Danelaw and [[Scandinavian York|Kingdom of Jórvík]]]]
After the decisive defeat of Northumbrian forces by the Viking [[Great Heathen Army]], at the Battle of [[Battle of York (867)|York in 867]], the united Kingdom of Northumbria disintegrated. The lands north of the Tyne remained a [[de facto]] independent kingdom called [[Bamburgh]] after the stronghold of its high-reeves. The lands between Tyne and Tees were granted to the Community of St. Cuthbert, forming an ecclesiastical buffer zone between Jórvík and Bamburgh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Max |title=Ælfred's Britain: war and peace in the Viking age |date=2017 |publisher=Head of Zeus |location=London |isbn=978-1784080297 }}</ref> In 927 [[Ealdred I of Bamburgh|Ealdred]] accepted West Saxon overlordship; however, the lands north of the Tees remained outside of the West Saxon administrative system of shires and hundreds until after the [[Norman Invasion of England|Norman invasion]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Darby |first1=Henry Clifford |title=Domesday England |date=7 August 1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521310260 |page=11 }}</ref><ref name = "Molyneaux">{{cite book |last1=Molyneaux |first1=George |title=The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century |date=2017 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780192542939 |page=10 }}</ref> 

In 973, Scots sovereignty over northern Bernicia, now known as [[Lothian]], was acknowledged by [[Edgar the Peaceful|Edgar of England]].
{{expand section|date=May 2020}}

===Kings of Bernicia===
{{Main|List of monarchs of Northumbria#Kings of Bernicia}}
(see also [[List of monarchs of Northumbria]])

*[[Ida of Bernicia|Ida]], son of Eoppa (547–559)
*[[Glappa of Bernicia|Glappa]], possibly Ida's brother (559–560)
*[[Adda of Bernicia|Adda]], son of Ida (560–568)
*[[Æthelric of Bernicia|Æthelric]], son of Ida (568–572)
*[[Theodric of Bernicia|Theodric]], son of Ida (572–579)
*[[Frithuwald of Bernicia|Frithuwald]], possibly Adda's son (579–585)
*[[Hussa of Bernicia|Hussa]], possibly Adda's son (585–593)
*[[Æthelfrith of Northumbria|Æthelfrith]], son of Æthelric (593–616)

Under [[Deira]]n rule 616–633)
*[[Eanfrith of Bernicia]], son of Æthelfrith (633–634)

Under Oswald son of Æthelfrith, Bernicia was united with [[Deira (kingdom)|Deira]] to form [[Northumbria]] from 634 onward until the [[Viking]] invasion of the 9th Century.