Editing Berkeley, California (section)

===Late 19th century===
[[File:William Hahn - Horses Grazing, Berkeley, 1875.jpg|thumb|left|''Horses Grazing, Berkeley''; painted by artist [[William Hahn]] in 1875]]
In 1866, Oakland's private [[College of California]] looked for a new site. It settled on a location north of Oakland along the foot of the [[Berkeley Hills|Contra Costa Range]] (later called the Berkeley Hills) on [[Strawberry Creek]], at an elevation of about {{convert|500|ft}} above the bay, commanding a view of the Bay Area and the Pacific Ocean through the [[Golden Gate]].

According to the ''Centennial Record of the University of California'', "In 1866, at [[Founders' Rock]], a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. One of them, [[Frederick Billings]], thought of the lines of the Anglo-Irish Anglican Bishop [[George Berkeley]], 'westward the course of empire takes its way,' and suggested that the town and college site be named for the eighteenth-century Anglo-Irish philosopher."<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Stadtman |editor-first=Verne |title=The Centennial Record of the University of California |publisher=[[Regents of the University of California]] |year=1967 |page=114 |url=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4v19n9zb;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00219&toc.depth=1&toc.id=div00219&brand=calisphere |access-date=June 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629052749/http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4v19n9zb;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00219&toc.depth=1&toc.id=div00219&brand=calisphere |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The philosopher's name is pronounced ''BARK-lee'', but the city's name, to accommodate [[American English]], is pronounced ''BERK-lee''.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Berkeley – Biography |publisher=[[European Graduate School]] |url=http://www.egs.edu/library/george-berkeley/biography/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225225047/http://www.egs.edu/library/george-berkeley/biography/ |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

The College of California's College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land. To this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeley's modern street plan. Their plans fell far short of their desires, and they began a collaboration with the [[California|State of California]] that culminated in 1868 with the creation of the public [[University of California]].
[[File:PeraltaParkHotel_BerkeleyCalifornia_1889.jpg|thumb|right|The Peralta Park Hotel, built by [[Maurice Curtis]] in 1889]]
[[File:Berkeley. LOC 75693088.jpg|thumb|right|View of Berkeley in 1900]]
As construction began on the new site, more residences were constructed in the vicinity of the new campus. At the same time, a settlement of residences, saloons, and various industries grew around the wharf area called [[Ocean View, Berkeley, California|Ocean View]]. A [[horsecar]] ran from [[Temescal, Oakland, California|Temescal]] in Oakland to the university campus along what is now [[Telegraph Avenue]]. The first post office opened in 1872.<ref name=CGN>{{California's Geographic Names|601}}</ref>

By the 1870s, the [[transcontinental railroad]] reached its terminus in Oakland. In 1876, a branch line of the [[Central Pacific Railroad]], the [[Berkeley Branch Railroad]], was laid from a junction with the mainline called Shellmound (now a part of Emeryville) into what is now [[Downtown Berkeley, California|downtown Berkeley]]. That same year, the mainline of the transcontinental railroad into Oakland was re-routed, putting the right-of-way along the bay shore through Ocean View.

There was a strong prohibition movement in Berkeley at this time. In 1876, the state enacted the "mile limit law", which forbade sale or public consumption of alcohol within {{convert|1|mi|km|spell=in}} of the new University of California.<ref>Berkeley Gazette. 1900 April 9</ref> Then, in 1899, Berkeley residents voted to make their city an alcohol-free zone. Scientists, scholars and religious leaders spoke vehemently of the dangers of alcohol.<ref>Berkeley 1900: ''Daily Life at the Turn of the Century'', by Richard Schwartz. 2000. page 187</ref>

On April 1, 1878, the people of Ocean View and the area around the university campus, together with local farmers, were granted [[municipal corporation|incorporation]] by the State of California as the Town of Berkeley.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/1877/1877_78.PDF#page=956 |title = ''Statutes of California'', 1877–78, p. 888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227230928/http://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/1877/1877_78.PDF#page=956 |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The first elected trustees of the town were the slate of [[Denis Kearney]]'s anti-Chinese [[Workingman's Party]], who were particularly favored in the working-class area of the former Ocean View, now called West Berkeley.  During the 1880s Berkeley had segregated housing and anti-Chinese laws.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schwartz |first1=Richard |title=The Chinese workers who fought discrimination at an 1880s West Berkeley soap factory |url=https://www.berkeleyside.org/2021/10/17/berkeley-soap-factory-chinese-workers-discrimination |access-date=October 13, 2022 |work=BerkeleySide}}</ref> The area near the university became known for a time as East Berkeley.

Due to the influence of the university, the modern age came quickly to Berkeley. [[Electric light]]s and the telephone were in use by 1888. Electric [[streetcar]]s soon replaced the [[horsecar]]. A silent film of one of these early streetcars in Berkeley can be seen at the [[Library of Congress]] website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/00694420/|title=Trip to Berkeley, California, Lcmp003 M3a29754|publisher=Library of Congress}}<!-- https://www.loc.gov/collections/san-francisco-earthquake-and-fire-1897-to-1916/?q=lcmp003%20m3a29754 --></ref>