Editing Bear (section)

===Phylogeny===
The relationship of the bear family with other carnivorans is shown in the following [[cladogram|phylogenetic tree]], which is based on the [[molecular phylogeny|molecular phylogenetic analysis]] of six genes in Flynn (2005)<ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal |author1=Flynn, J.J. |author2=Finarelli, J.A. |author3=Zehr, S. |author4=Hsu, J. |author5=Nedbal, M.A. |title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships |doi=10.1080/10635150590923326 |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=317–337 |year=2005 |pmid=16012099|doi-access=free }}</ref> with the musteloids updated following the multigene analysis of Law et al. (2018).<ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Law|first1=Chris J.|last2=Slater|first2=Graham J.|last3=Mehta|first3=Rita S.|date=2018-01-01|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|language=en|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|issn=1063-5157|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{clade
|label1=[[Carnivora]]
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Feliformia]] [[File:Lydekker - Ocelot (white background).JPG|60px|Ocelot]]
   |label2=[[Caniformia]]
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Canidae]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg|60px|African golden wolf]]
      |label2=[[Arctoidea]]
      |2={{clade
         |label1=
         |1='''Ursidae''' [[File:Ursus arctos - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|70px|Brown bear]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Pinnipedia]]  [[File:Faroe stamp 227 grey seal (Phoca vitulina) white background.jpg|60px|Common seal]]
            |label2=[[Musteloidea]]
            |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Mephitidae]] [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate CXXI-) (white background).jpg|50px|Striped skunk]]
                  |2=[[Ailuridae]] [[File:Ailurus fulgens - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|60px|Red panda]]
                  |3={{clade
                     |1=[[Procyonidae]] [[File:Wild animals of North America, intimate studies of big and little creatures of the mammal kingdom (Page 410) (white background).jpg|60 px|Common raccoon]]
                     |2=[[Mustelidae]] [[File:Mustela eversmanii (white background).png|60px|Steppe polecat]]
                     }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Note that although they are called "bears" in some languages, [[red panda]]s and [[Procyonidae|raccoons and their close relatives]] are not bears, but rather [[Musteloidea|musteloids]].<ref name=Flynn2005/>

There are two phylogenetic hypotheses on the relationships among extant and fossil bear species. One is all species of bears are classified in seven subfamilies as adopted here and related articles: [[Amphicynodontinae]], [[Hemicyoninae]], [[Ursavinae]], [[Agriotheriinae]], [[Ailuropodinae]], [[Tremarctinae]], and [[Ursinae]].<ref name=mcLellanreiner1992>{{cite journal |last1=McLellan |first1=B. |last2=Reiner |first2=D.C. |s2cid=91124592 |year=1992 |title=A review of bear evolution |journal=International Association for Bear Research and Management |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.2307/3872687 |jstor=3872687}}</ref><ref name=aginsburgi>{{cite journal |author=de&nbsp;Bonis, L. |year=2011 |title=A new species of ''Adelpharctos'' (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) from the late Oligocene of the "Phosphorites du Quercy" (France) |doi=10.3989/egeol.40553.181 |journal=Estudios Geológicos |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=179–186|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Cyonarctos>{{Cite journal|author=Louis De Bonis |year=2013 |title=Ursidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Late Oligocene of the "Phosphorites du Quercy" (France) and a reappraisal of the genus ''Cephalogale'' Geoffroy, 1862 |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=787–814 |doi=10.5252/g2013n4a4|s2cid=131561629 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4538147 }}</ref><ref name="qiuetal2014">{{cite journal |author=Qiu, Zhan-Xiang|display-authors=etal|title=A Late Miocene ''Ursavus'' skull from Guanghe, Gansu, China |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=52 |issue=3 |date=2014 |pages=265–302}}</ref> Below is a cladogram of the subfamilies of bears after McLellan and Reiner (1992)<ref name=mcLellanreiner1992/> and Qiu ''et al.''. (2014):<ref name="qiuetal2014"/>{{clarification needed|reason=Neither of these citations show this cladogram.  McLellan and Reiner (1992) recognise five subfamilies and two "base genera" and Qiu et al (2014) only have two subfamilies with other genera treated as stem taxa.|date=April 2022}}
{{clade| style=font-size:105%; line-height:105%;
|label1='''Ursidae'''
|1={{Clade
   |1={{dagger}}[[Amphicynodontinae]] [[File:Kolponomos NT.jpg|75px]]
   |2={{Clade
      |1={{dagger}}[[Hemicyoninae]] 
      |2={{Clade
         |1={{dagger}}[[Ursavinae]]
         |2={{Clade
            |1={{dagger}}[[Agriotheriinae]] 
            |2={{Clade
               |1=[[Ailuropodinae]] [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 50) (white background).jpg|75px]]
               |2={{Clade
                  |1=[[Tremarctinae]] [[File:Spectacled bear (1829).jpg|75px]]
                  |2=[[Ursinae]] [[File:Ursus arctos - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|75px]]}} }} }} }} }} }} }}

The second alternative phylogenetic hypothesis was implemented by McKenna et al. (1997) to classify all the bear species into the superfamily '''Ursoidea''', with Hemicyoninae and Agriotheriinae being classified in the family "Hemicyonidae".<ref name="mckennabell1997">{{cite book |last1=McKenna |first1=M.C. |last2=Bell |first2=S. |year=1997 |title=Classification of nammals above the species level |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-52853-5 |place=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS7FZkzIw-cC&pg=PA247}}</ref> Amphicynodontinae under this classification were classified as stem-[[pinnipeds]] in the superfamily [[Pinnipedia|Phocoidea]].<ref name="mckennabell1997"/> In the McKenna and Bell classification, both bears and pinnipeds are in a parvorder of [[carnivora]]n mammals known as [[Ursida]], along with the extinct bear dogs of the family [[Amphicyonidae]].<ref name="mckennabell1997"/> Below is the cladogram based on McKenna and Bell (1997) classification:<ref name="mckennabell1997"/>{{clarification needed|reason=The cladogram doesn't properly represent McKenna and Bell (1997). Family Hemicyonidae contains the genera usually placed in Hemicyoninae and Agriotheriinae, but they are not placed in sister subfamilies. Amphicynodon is one of 11 stem genera in Phocoidea, but is not a family sister to Pinnepedia (which is treated as a synonym of Phocoidea)  |date=April 2022}}
{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%;
|label1=Ursida
|1={{Clade
      |1={{dagger}}[[Amphicyonidae]] [[File:Daphoenodon superbus by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).png|75px]]
      |2={{Clade
         |label1=[[Pinnipedia|Phocoidea]]
         |1={{Clade
            |1={{dagger}}[[Amphicynodontinae|Amphicynodontidae]] [[File:Kolponomos NT.jpg|75px]]
            |2=[[Pinnipedia]]  [[File:Faroe stamp 227 grey seal (Phoca vitulina) white background.jpg|70px|Common seal]]
            }} 
         |label2='''Ursoidea'''
         |2={{Clade
            |label1={{nowrap|{{dagger}}Hemicyonidae}}
            |1={{Clade
               |1={{dagger}}[[Hemicyoninae]] 
               |2={{dagger}}[[Agriotheriinae]]
               }} 
            |label2='''Ursidae''' 
            |2={{Clade
               |1={{dagger}}[[Ursavinae]]
               |2={{Clade
                  |1=[[Ailuropodinae]] [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 50) (white background).jpg|75px]]
                  |2={{Clade 
                     |label1=
                     |1={{Clade 
                        |1=[[Tremarctinae]] [[File:Spectacled bear (1829).jpg|75px]]
                        |2=[[Ursinae]] [[File:Ursus arctos - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|75px]]
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
          }}
      }}
   }}
}}

{{Phylogeny/Ursidae}}