Editing Beadwork (section)

== North America ==
{{See also|Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Quillwork|Native American jewelry}}[[File:Nat Am beadwork sampler.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Examples of contemporary Native American beadwork]][[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] beadwork, already established via the use of materials like shells, [[Dendrite (crystal)|dendrite]], claws, and bone, evolved to incorporate glass beads as Europeans brought them to the Americas beginning in the [[Colonial history of the United States|early 17th century]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Native American Art- Cherokee Beadwork and Basketry|url=http://nativeamerican-art.com/cherokee-art.html|access-date=2017-11-14|website=nativeamerican-art.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cherokee|first=Eastern Band of|title=Cherokee Indian Beadwork and Beading Patterns {{!}} Cherokee, NC|url=http://visitcherokeenc.com/cherokee-beadwork/|access-date=2017-11-14|website=Cherokee, NC|language=en}}</ref>

Native beadwork today heavily utilizes small glass beads, but artists also continue to use traditionally important materials. [[Wampum]] shells, for instance, are ceremonially and politically important to a range of [[Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands|Eastern Woodlands tribes]], and are used to depict important events.<ref>Dubin, pp. 170–171</ref>

Several Native American artists from a wide range of nations are considered to be at the forefront of modern American bead working. These artists include [[Teri Greeves]] ([[Kiowa]], known for beaded commentaries on [[Native American civil rights|Native voting rights]]),<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Lopez|first1=Antonio|date=August 2000|title=Focus on Native Artists {{!}} Teri Greeves|url=https://www.southwestart.com/articles-interviews/feature-articles/focus_artists|magazine=Southwest Art Magazine|access-date=13 March 2009}}</ref> [[Marcus Amerman]] ([[Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma|Choctaw]], known for realistic beaded portraits of historical figures and celebrities),<ref>Berlo and Phillips, p. 32</ref> and [[Jamie Okuma]] ([[La Jolla Band of Luiseno Indians|Luiseño]]-[[Fort Hall Indian Reservation|Shoshone-Bannock]], known for beaded dolls).<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Indyke|first1=Dottie|date=May 2001|title=Native Arts {{!}} Jamie Okuma|url=https://www.southwestart.com/native-american-arts/jamie_okuma|magazine=Southwest Art Magazine|access-date=13 March 2009}}</ref>

=== Great Lakes tribes ===
[[Ursulines|Ursuline]] nuns in the [[Great Lakes region|Great Lakes]] introduced floral patterns to young Indigenous women, who quickly applied them to beadwork.<ref>Dubin, p. 50</ref> [[Ojibwe]] women in the area created ornately decorated shoulder bags known as [[Bandolier bag|''gashkibidaagan'' (bandolier bags)]].<ref>Dubin, p. 218</ref>

{{citation needed span|The [[Anishinaabe]] in the Great Lakes region use beading to share stories about the traditions and culture of the tribe. There are 7 core teachings from the [[Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers]] that the Anishinaabe people embody in their culture, storytelling, and beadwork: Wisdom, love, respect, bravery, honesty, humility, and truth.|date=October 2024}}

=== Eastern Woodlands tribes ===
[[Innu]], [[Mi'kmaq people|Mi'kmaq]], [[Penobscot people|Penobscot]], and [[Haudenosaunee]] peoples developed, and are known for, beading symmetrical scroll motifs, most often in white beads.<ref>Berlo and Phillips, p. 146</ref> Tribes of the [[Iroquois|Iroqouis Confederacy]] practice raised beading, where threads are pulled taut to force beads into a [[Relief|bas-relief]], which creates a three-dimensional effect.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hoffman|first=Karen Ann|title=Wisconsin Life, Iroquois Beadwork|url=https://wisconsinfirstnations.org/wisconsin-life-iroquois-beadwork/|url-status=live|website=Wisconsin First Nations|date=December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722085024/https://wisconsinfirstnations.org/wisconsin-life-iroquois-beadwork/ |archive-date=22 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>Berlo and Philips, p. 151</ref>

=== Southeastern tribes ===
[[Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands|Southeastern tribes]] pioneered a beadwork style that features images with white outlines, a visual reference to the shells and pearls coastal Southeasterners used pre-contact.<ref name=":4">Berlo and Phillips, p. 87</ref> This style was nearly lost during the [[Trail of Tears]], as many beadworkers died during their forced removal to [[Indian Territory]] west of the [[Mississippi River]]. Roger Amerman ([[Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma|Choctaw]], brother of [[Marcus Amerman]]) and [[Martha Berry (artist)|Martha Berry]] ([[Cherokee]]) have effectively revived the style, however.<ref name=":4" />

=== Sierra Madre tribes ===
[[Huichol]] communities in the Mexican states of [[Jalisco]] and [[Nayarit]] uniquely attach their beads to objects and surfaces via the use of a resin-beeswax mixture (in lieu of wire or waxed thread).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Huichol Web of Life: Creation and Prayer {{!}} Lesson Two: Jicaras, Kukus and Seeds |last1=Hillman |first1=Paul |url=http://www.beadmuseumaz.org/Huichol/huichol4.htm |website=Community Arts Resource Exchange |publisher=The Bead Museum |access-date=13 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518111414/http://www.beadmuseumaz.org/Huichol/huichol4.htm |archive-date=18 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Huichol beadwork is commonly characterized by bright colors and geometric shapes, and motifs of animals and spirits illustrate their spiritual beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-12 |title=Beading Traditions: Huichol |url=https://www.museumofbeadwork.org/blogs/news/teaching-tuesday-huichol-beadwork |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Museum of Beadwork |language=en}}</ref>

=== Métis Nation ===
[[Métis]] were known as the Flower Beadwork People by the [[Cree]] and [[Dene]] because of their culture of colourful floral beadwork and embroidery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Material Culture | url=https://indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca/article/material-culture/ |website=Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> During the early 19th century, European and Euro-North American observers and travelers frequently noted the intricate beadwork adorning Métis clothing. This beadwork, particularly floral patterns, has evolved into one of the most recognizable symbols of Métis culture. Métis artisans employed First Nations beadwork techniques along with floral designs influenced by [[French-Canadian]] nuns in [[Roman Catholic]] missions. By the 1830s, vibrant and lifelike floral motifs dominated Métis creations from the [[Red River Colony|Red River]] region. Beadwork adorned nearly every traditional Métis garment, from moccasins to coats, belts to bags.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beadwork |url=https://www.metismuseum.ca/browse/index.php/379 |website=Virtual Museum of Metis History and Culture| publisher=The Gabriel Dumont Institute |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> The practice of beadwork became a vital economic activity for Métis women and families, spanning generations and providing both personal and commercial expression. Métis organizations like the [[Louis Riel]] Institute and the [[Gabriel Dumont Institute]] actively promote and preserve traditional beading through workshops and resources, ensuring its continuation within the community.