Editing Bay of Bengal (section)

=== History ===
<!-- CAUTION: Phrase headings in a way that is both logical (first tectonic plates, then geology, geography, ecology, etc) and alphabetical. The choice of terminology is therefore important: pipe accordingly and mention alternative terms in the section lede. -->
[[File:Andaman ross is.jpg|thumb|Ross Island, in the [[Andaman Islands|Andamans]], was one of the main naval bases of India during [[World War II]]]]
In ancient [[Classical India]], the Bay of Bengal was known as Vaṅgasāgara ([[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] Sea).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70002/page/n109/mode/1up|year=1949|page=57|first=B.ch|last=Chhabra|title=Epigraphic Indica}}</ref> Another name used mainly in ancient [[Tamil literature]] was Vanga Kadal ([[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]] Sea or Ocean). It was also known as Kalinga Sagar ([[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] Sea).<ref name="reemerge">{{cite journal | last=Agarwala | first=Nitin | title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies | publisher=McFarland & Company | volume=7 | issue=2 | year=2020 | issn=2288-6834 | jstor=jtms.7.2.49 | pages=49–73 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414084418/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-14 |url-status=live |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011}}</ref> 

[[Northern Circars]] occupied the western coast of the Bay of Bengal and is now considered to be India's Odisha and Andhra Pradesh state. [[Chola dynasty]] (9th century to 12th century) when ruled by [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and [[Rajendra Chola I]] occupied and controlled the Bay of Bengal with [[Chola Navy]] [[Medieval Cholas|circa AD&nbsp;1014]], the Bay of Bengal was also called the Chola Sea or Chola Lake.<ref name="reemerge"/>

The [[Kakatiya dynasty]] reached the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers. [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]] about the middle of the [[History of India#Early classical period (c. 200 BCE – c. 320 CE)|1st century AD]] invaded northern India perhaps extending as far as the Bay of Bengal. [[Chandragupta Maurya]] extended the [[Military history of India#Maurya Empire|Maurya Dynasty]] across northern India to the Bay of Bengal. [[Diamond Harbour|Hajipur]] was a stronghold for Portuguese Pirates. In the 16th century, the Portuguese built trading posts in the north of the Bay of Bengal at Chittagong (Porto Grande) and [[Saptagram|Satgaon]] (Porto Pequeno).<ref>[http://www.colonialvoyage.com/bengal.html The Portuguese in Bengal. History of Ugolim (Hoogli), Meliapore ...] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203140122/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/bengal.html |date=3 February 2007 }} URL accessed 21 January 2007</ref>

The earliest sign of Muslims in the region came from the textile trade routes where one targeted the east Arabian Sea influencing migration of Arabs and Persians and another to the west causing Buddhist Bengalis to culturally mix with Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1993 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch01&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch01&brand=ucpress |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206124202/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch01&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch01&brand=ucpress |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Historic sites ====
[[File:Shore Temple on Bay of Bengal.jpg|thumb|right|The Shore Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site on the shore of the Bay of Bengal.]]
In alphabetical order:
* [[Antarvedi]] is a popular place of worship Southern India, in [[Konaseema district]] of Andhra Pradesh devoted to Sri Lakshmi [[Narasimha]] Swamy Temple. This is the place where one of the distributaries of [[Godavari River]] meets the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chakravorty |first=Sohini |date=5 January 2012 |title=In the lap of Godavari, all the time to sit and stare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-the-lap-of-godavari-all-the-time-to-sit-and-stare/article2777546.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210134909/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-the-lap-of-godavari-all-the-time-to-sit-and-stare/article2777546.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Arikamedu]] is an archaeological site in Southern India, in Kakkayanthope, Ariyankuppam Commune, Puducherry. It is 4 kilometres (2.5&nbsp;mi) from the capital, Pondicherry of the Indian territory of Puducherry
* British penal colony: [[Cellular Jail]] or "Black Waters" built in 1896 on [[Ross island (Andaman)|Ross Island]], a part of the Andaman Island Chain. As early as 1858, this island was used as a British penal colony for political prisoners facing life imprisonment.<ref name="ACJ.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm##Link2 |title=History of Andaman Cellular Jail: Recapture of Andaman Islands to keep Political Prisoners |website=AndamanCellularJail.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113111037/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm |archive-date=13 January 2007 |url-status=usurped |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Citation is a website with none of the characteristics of a reliable source; there must be more scholarly sources for this.|date=November 2016}}
* Buddhist heritage sites of [[Pavurallakonda]], [[Thotlakonda]] and [[Bavikonda]] lie along the coast of Bay of Bengal at [[Visakhapatnam]] in India.
* [[Konark]] is the home of the [[Konark Sun Temple|Sun Temple]] or Black Pagoda. This Brahman sanctuary was built of black granite mid-1200 AD and has been declared a [[World Heritage Site]].
* [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]] is one of the four sacred places in Hindu pilgrimage along with Puri beach on the banks of Bay of Bengal. Mahodadhi was named after Lord [[Jagannath]].
* [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] is at Dhanushkodi, where the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf of Mannar come together.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ramayana.com/holy_places.htm |title=Ramayana |date=16 August 2005 |website=Ramayana.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050816184403/http://ramayana.com/holy_places.htm |archive-date=16 August 2005 }}</ref>
* [[Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram]] is the name for [[Mahabalipuram]]. Mahabalipuram's [[Shore Temple]], a [[World Heritage Site]] was constructed in the 8th century AD and myth has it that six other temples were built here.
* Sri Vaisakheswara Swamy temple lies two kilometers from the Visakhapatnam coast under the Bay of Bengal's sea bed. Spokespeople from [[Andhra University]] Centre for [[Marine Archaeology]] say the temple may be opposite the Coastal Battery.<ref>[http://www.morien-institute.org/uwnews2006a.html Morien Institute – underwater discoveries news archive, January–June 2006, "Sri Vaisakheswara still lies underwater"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414161444/http://www.morien-institute.org/uwnews2006a.html |date=14 April 2006 }}; accessed 22 January 2007</ref>
* [[Vivekanandar Illam]] was constructed in 1842 by the American "Ice King" [[Frederic Tudor]] to store and market ice year round. In 1897, [[Swami Vivekananda]]'s famous lectures were recorded here at Castle Kernan. The site is an exhibition devoted to Swami Vivekananda and his legacy.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==== Marine archaeology ====
[[Maritime archaeology]] or marine archaeology is the study of how ancient peoples interacted with the sea and waterways. A specialized branch, [[archaeology of shipwrecks]], studies the salvaged artifacts of ancient ships. Stone anchors, amphorae shards, elephant tusks, hippopotamus teeth, ceramic pottery, a rare wood mast and lead ingots are examples which may survive submerged for centuries for archaeologists to discover, study, and place their salvaged findings into the timeline of history. Coral reefs, tsunamis, cyclones, mangrove swamps, battles, and a criss-cross of sea routes in a high trading area combined with piracy have all contributed to shipwrecks in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/30/3/Man_Environ_29_28.pdf Marine Archaeology in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124065933/http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/30/3/Man_Environ_29_28.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }} URL accessed 22 January 2007</ref>

==== Shipwrecks and important shipping incidences ====
In chronological order:
* 1778 to 1783: The [[Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War]] or American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal.
* {{Circa|1816}}: ''Mornington'' ship burned in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Wrecks/wrecks1816-1818.shtml Shipwrecks 1816–1818] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508104612/https://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Wrecks/wrecks1816-1818.shtml |date=8 May 2021 }} URL accessed 10 January 2015</ref>
* 1850: American clipper brig ''Eagle'' is supposed to have sunk in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ships/wrecks.html The Maritime Heritage Project: Gold Rush Ships, Passengers, Captains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827195721/http://maritimeheritage.org/ships/wrecks.html |date=27 August 2013 }} URL accessed 23 January 2007</ref>
* American Baptist missionary [[Adoniram Judson]] died 12 April 1850 and was buried at sea in the Bay of Bengal.
* 1855: The Bark "Incredible" struck on a sunken rock in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.islandregister.com/shippingnotes.html Shipping Notes from the 1800s – P.E.I.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830031404/http://www.islandregister.com/shippingnotes.html |date=30 August 2013 }} URL accessed 23 January 2007</ref>
* 1865: a gale dismasted the [[Star of India (ship)|''Euterpe'']] while traversing the Bay of Bengal typhoon.
* 1875: ''Veleda'' - 76&nbsp;m (250&nbsp;ft) long and 15&nbsp;m (50&nbsp;ft) wide. It is part of a current salvage operation.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060517192506/http://diving-industry.com/news/2006/05/06/sunken-ship-possibly-older-than-titanic-discovered/ Diving-News.com » Wrecks] URL accessed 23 January 2007</ref>
* 1914: September 10 - SS Indus: A [[steamship]] that was captured and scuttled by [[SMS Emden|SMS ''Emden'']].
* 1942: [[Japanese cruiser Yura|Japanese cruiser ''Yura'']] of the Second Expeditionary Fleet, Malay Force, attacked merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal.
** [[List of shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean#Bay of Bengal|April 7 - SS ''Selma City:'' Attacked by Japanese bombers in the Bay of Bengal, about 25 miles (40 km) offshore from Vizagapatam, India.]]
** [[List of shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean#Bay of Bengal|April 9 - HMS Hermes: The world's first purpose-built aircraft carrier, which sunk after receiving 40 direct hits from 70 Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter/bombers off the coast of Sri Lanka.]]
* 1971: December 3 – [[Pakistan Navy]] submarine [[PNS Ghazi|PNS ''Ghazi'']] sunk under mysterious circumstances, near [[Visakhapatnam]], in the Bay of Bengal.