Editing Battle of Waterloo (section)

==Battle==
===Preparation===
[[File:Waterloo Campaign map-alt3.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of the Waterloo campaign]]
[[File:Battle of Waterloo, 18 June 1815 - sheet 1st, morning of the battle (Alison).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Morning of the battle, initial disposition of opposing forces (''Atlas to Alison's history of Europe'')]]
Wellington rose at around 02:00 or 03:00 on 18 June, and wrote letters until dawn. He had earlier written to Blücher confirming that he would give battle at Mont-Saint-Jean if Blücher could provide him with at least one corps; otherwise he would retreat towards Brussels. At a late-night council, Blücher's chief of staff, [[August Neidhardt von Gneisenau]], had been distrustful of Wellington's strategy, but Blücher persuaded him that they should march to join Wellington's army. In the morning Wellington duly received a reply from Blücher, promising to support him with three corps.{{sfn|Longford|1971|pp=535–536}}

From 06:00 Wellington was in the field supervising the deployment of his forces. At Wavre, the Prussian IV Corps under Bülow was designated to lead the march to Waterloo as it was in the best shape, not having been involved in the Battle of Ligny. Although they had not taken casualties, IV Corps had been marching for two days, covering the retreat of the three other corps of the Prussian army from the battlefield of Ligny. They had been posted farthest away from the battlefield, and progress was very slow.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=141}}<ref name="Gre2015">{{cite book |last=John Grehan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0KuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA342 |title=Voices from the Past: Waterloo 1815: History's most famous battle told through eyewitness accounts, newspaper reports, parliamentary debate, memoirs and diaries |year=2015 |publisher=Frontline Books |isbn=978-1-78383-199-9 |pages=105–}}</ref>

The roads were in poor condition after the night's heavy rain, and Bülow's men had to pass through the congested streets of Wavre and move 88&nbsp;artillery pieces. Matters were not helped when a fire broke out in Wavre, blocking several streets along Bülow's intended route. As a result, the last part of the corps left at 10:00, six hours after the leading elements had moved out towards Waterloo. Bülow's men were followed to Waterloo first by I Corps and then by II Corps.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=141}}<ref name="Gre2015"/>

Napoleon breakfasted off silver plate at Le Caillou, the house where he had spent the night. When [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Soult]] suggested that Grouchy should be recalled to join the main force, Napoleon said, "Just because you have all been beaten by Wellington, you think he's a good general. I tell you Wellington is a bad general, the English are bad troops, and this affair is nothing more than eating breakfast".{{sfn|Longford|1971|p=547}}<ref name="Gre2015" />

Napoleon's seemingly dismissive remark may have been strategic, given his maxim "in war, morale is everything". He had acted similarly in the past, and on the morning of the battle of Waterloo may have been responding to the pessimism and objections of his chief of staff and senior generals.{{sfn|Roberts|2001|pp=163–166}}

[[File:Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Mont-Saint-Jean, Belgium|Battle of Mont-Saint-Jean]]]]

Later on, being told by his brother, [[Jérôme Bonaparte|Jerome]], of some gossip overheard by a waiter between British officers at lunch at the King of Spain inn in Genappe that the Prussians were to march over from Wavre, Napoleon declared that the Prussians would need at least two days to recover and would be dealt with by Grouchy.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=73}} Surprisingly, Jerome's overheard gossip aside, the French commanders present at the pre-battle conference at Le Caillou had no information about the alarming proximity of the Prussians and did not suspect that Blücher's men would start erupting onto the field of battle in great numbers just five hours later.{{sfn|Roberts|2001|p=xxxii}}

Napoleon had delayed the start of the battle owing to the sodden ground, which would have made manoeuvring cavalry and artillery difficult. In addition, many of his forces had [[Bivouac shelter|bivouacked]] well to the south of La Belle Alliance. At 10:00, in response to a dispatch he had received from Grouchy six hours earlier, he sent a reply telling Grouchy to "head for Wavre [to Grouchy's north] in order to draw near to us [to the west of Grouchy]" and then "push before him" the Prussians to arrive at Waterloo "as soon as possible".{{sfn|Longford|1971|p=548}}<ref name="Gre2015" />

At 11:00, Napoleon drafted his general order: Reille's Corps on the left and d'Erlon's Corps to the right were to attack the village of Mont-Saint-Jean and keep abreast of one another. This order assumed Wellington's battle-line was in the village, rather than at the more forward position on the ridge.{{sfn|Bonaparte|1869|pp=292–293}} To enable this, Jerome's division would make an initial attack on Hougoumont, which Napoleon expected would draw in Wellington's reserves,{{sfn|Fletcher|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=US-QQxjHnn8C&pg=PA20 20]}} since its loss would threaten his communications with the sea. A ''[[Grand Battery|grande batterie]]'' of the reserve artillery of I, II, and VI Corps was to then bombard the centre of Wellington's position from about 13:00. D'Erlon's corps would then attack Wellington's left, break through, and roll up his line from east to west. In his memoirs, Napoleon wrote that his intention was to separate Wellington's army from the Prussians and drive it back towards the sea.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=95–98}}

===Hougoumont===
{{main|Hougoumont}}
[[File:Nassau - Hougoumont - Papendrecht.jpg|thumb|Nassau troops at Hougoumont farm]]
[[File:800px-North gate Hougoumont.jpg|thumb|The gate on the north side assaulted by the ''1st Légère'' who were led by ''Sous-lieutenant'' Legros{{sfn|Lamar|2000|p=119}}]]
Historian Andrew Roberts notes that "It is a curious fact about the Battle of Waterloo that no one is absolutely certain when it actually began".{{sfn|Roberts|2005|p=55}} Wellington recorded in his dispatches that at "about ten o'clock [Napoleon] commenced a furious attack upon our post at Hougoumont".{{sfn|Wellesley|1815|loc=''To Earl Bathurst. Waterloo, 19 June 1815''}} Other sources state that the attack began around 11:30.{{efn|"The hour at which Waterloo began, though there were 150,000&nbsp;actors in the great tragedy, was long a matter of dispute. The Duke of Wellington puts it at 10:00. General Alava says half-past eleven, Napoleon and Drouet say noon, and Ney 13:00. Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact. He took two watches with him into the fight, one a stop-watch, and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired, and this evidence is now accepted as proving that the first flash of red flame which marked the opening of the world-shaking tragedy of Waterloo took place at exactly ten minutes to twelve" {{harv|Fitchett|2006|loc=Chapter: King-making Waterloo}}. "...watches had to be set by solar time, this meant that it was rare for two watches to agree... For example, on 9 June, ... the French I Corps had been at Lille, while the IV Corps was at Metz. Assuming an officer had set his watch at noon and then meticulously wound it twice a day but not reset it during the approach march, by the time the two corps reached the vicinity of Waterloo, the I Corps officer's watch would have read 12:40 p.m. at a time when the IV Corps officer's read 11:20 a.m., and it was noon at Waterloo. This is an extreme example, and unlikely to have actually been the case, but it demonstrates the problem quite well" {{harv|Nofi|1998|p=182}}.}} The house and its immediate environs were defended by four light companies of [[Foot guards|Guards]], and the wood and park by Hanoverian ''[[Jäger (military)|Jäger]]'' and the 1/2nd Nassau.{{efn|That is, the 1st battalion of the 2nd Regiment. Among Prussian regiments, "F/12th" denoted the fusilier battalion of the 12th Regiment.}}{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=113–114}}

The initial attack by [[Pierre François Bauduin]]'s brigade emptied the wood and park, but was driven back by heavy British artillery fire, and cost Bauduin his life. As the British guns were distracted by a duel with French artillery, a second attack by Soye's brigade and what had been Bauduin's succeeded in reaching the north gate of the house. Sous-Lieutenant Legros, a French officer, broke the gate open with an axe, and some French troops managed to enter the courtyard.{{sfn|Thiers|1862|p=215}} The [[Coldstream Guards]] and the [[Scots Guards]] arrived to support the defence. There was a fierce melee, and the British managed to close the gate on the French troops streaming in. The Frenchmen trapped in the courtyard were all killed.

Fighting continued around Hougoumont all afternoon. Its surroundings were heavily invested by French light infantry, and coordinated attacks were made against the troops behind Hougoumont. Wellington's army defended the house and the hollow way running north from it. In the afternoon, Napoleon personally ordered the house to be shelled to set it on fire,{{efn|Seeing the flames, Wellington sent a note to the house's commander stating that he must hold his position whatever the cost {{harv|Barbero|2005|p=298}}.}} resulting in the destruction of all but the chapel. Du Plat's brigade of the King's German Legion was brought forward to defend the hollow way, which they had to do without senior officers. Eventually they were relieved by the [[71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot|71st Highlanders]], a British infantry regiment. Adam's brigade was further reinforced by [[Hugh Halkett]]'s 3rd Hanoverian Brigade, and successfully repulsed further infantry and cavalry attacks sent by Reille. Hougoumont held out until the end of the battle.

{{blockquote|I had occupied that post with a detachment from General [[John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford|Byng]]'s brigade of Guards, which was in position in its rear; and it was some time under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel MacDonald, and afterwards of Colonel Home; and I am happy to add that it was maintained, throughout the day, with the utmost gallantry by these brave troops, notwithstanding the repeated efforts of large bodies of the enemy to obtain possession of it.|Wellington.{{sfn|Booth|1815|p=10}}}}

{{blockquote|When I reached [[William Lloyd (British Army officer)|Lloyd]]'s abandoned guns, I stood near them for about a minute to contemplate the scene: it was grand beyond description. Hougoumont and its wood sent up a broad flame through the dark masses of smoke that overhung the field; beneath this cloud the French were indistinctly visible. Here a waving mass of long red feathers could be seen; there, gleams as from a sheet of steel showed that the [[cuirassiers]] were moving; 400&nbsp;cannon were belching forth fire and death on every side; the roaring and shouting were indistinguishably commixed—together they gave me an idea of a labouring volcano. Bodies of infantry and cavalry were pouring down on us, and it was time to leave contemplation, so I moved towards our columns, which were standing up in square.|Major Macready, Light Division, 30th British Regiment, Halkett's brigade.{{sfn|Creasy|1877|loc=[http://www.standin.se/fifteen15a.htm Chapter XV]}}}}

The fighting at Hougoumont has often been characterised as a diversionary attack to draw in Wellington's reserves which escalated into an all-day battle and drew in French reserves instead.{{sfn|Longford|1971|pp=552–554}} In fact there is a good case to believe that both Napoleon and Wellington thought that holding Hougoumont was key to winning the battle. Hougoumont was a part of the battlefield that Napoleon could see clearly,{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=298}} and he continued to direct resources towards it and its surroundings all afternoon (33&nbsp;battalions in all, 14,000&nbsp;troops). Similarly, though the house never contained a large number of troops, Wellington devoted 21&nbsp;battalions (12,000&nbsp;troops) over the course of the afternoon in keeping the hollow way open to allow fresh troops and ammunition to reach the buildings. He moved several artillery batteries from his hard-pressed centre to support Hougoumont,{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=305, 306}} and later stated that "the success of the battle turned upon closing the gates at Hougoumont".{{sfn|Roberts|2005|p=57}} The struggle for Hougoumont became the key battle within the battle. Hougoumont proved to be decisive terrain.

===The Grand Battery starts its bombardment===
[[File:Battle of Waterloo.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of the battle: Napoleon's units are in blue, Wellington's in red, Blücher's in grey]]
[[File:Battle of Waterloo, 18 June 1815 - sheet 2nd, crisis of the battle (Alison).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Detailed map of the crisis of the battle (''Atlas to Alison's history of Europe'')]]
The 80 guns of [[Grand Battery|Napoleon's ''grande batterie'']] drew up in the centre. These opened fire at 11:50, according to [[Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill|Lord Hill]] (commander of the Anglo-allied II Corps),{{efn|"Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact. He took two watches with him into the fight, one a stop-watch, and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired&nbsp;... At ten minutes to twelve the first heavy gun rang sullenly from the French ridge" {{harv|Fitchett|2006|loc=Chapter: King-making Waterloo}}.}} while other sources put the time between noon and 13:30.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=131}} The ''grande batterie'' was too far back to aim accurately, and the only other troops they could see were skirmishers of the regiments of Kempt and Pack, and [[Hendrik George de Perponcher Sedlnitsky|Perponcher]]'s 2nd Dutch division (the others were employing Wellington's characteristic "reverse slope defence").{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1993|p=286}}{{efn|The entire 1st brigade of the 2nd Dutch division, that had been on the forward slope during the night, withdrew to a position behind the ridge between the regiments of Kempt and Pack around 12:00 {{harv|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=332–333}}.}}

The bombardment caused a large number of casualties. Although some projectiles buried themselves in the soft soil, most found their marks on the reverse slope of the ridge. The bombardment forced the cavalry of the Union Brigade (in third line) to move to its left, to reduce their casualty rate.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1993|p=287}}

===Napoleon spots the Prussians===
At about 13:15, Napoleon saw the first columns of Prussians around the village of [[Lasne-Chapelle-Saint-Lambert]], {{convert|4|to|5|mi|km}} away from his right flank—about three hours march for an army.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=136}} Napoleon's reaction was to have Marshal Soult send a message to Grouchy telling him to come towards the battlefield and attack the arriving Prussians.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=145}} Grouchy, however, had been executing Napoleon's previous orders to follow the Prussians "with your sword against his back" towards Wavre, and was by then too far away to reach Waterloo.<ref name="Daws2017"/>

Grouchy was advised by his subordinate, [[Étienne Maurice Gérard|Gérard]], to "march to the sound of the guns", but stuck to his orders and engaged the Prussian III Corps rearguard, under the command of Lieutenant-General Baron [[Johann von Thielmann|von Thielmann]], at the [[Battle of Wavre]]. Moreover, Soult's letter ordering Grouchy to move quickly to join Napoleon and attack Bülow would not actually reach Grouchy until after 20:00.<ref name="Daws2017">{{cite book |last=Dawson |first=Paul L. |title=Napoleon and Grouchy: The Last Great Waterloo Mystery Unravelled |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2HNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT309 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |year=2017 |pages=309– |isbn=978-1-5267-0069-8}}</ref>

===First French infantry attack===
A little after 13:00, I Corps' attack began in large [[Column (formation)|columns]]. Bernard Cornwell writes "[column] suggests an elongated formation with its narrow end aimed like a spear at the enemy line, while in truth it was much more like a brick advancing sideways and d'Erlon's assault was made up of four such bricks, each one a division of French infantry."{{sfn|Cornwell|2015|loc=''Those terrible grey horses, how they fight''}} Each division, with one exception, was drawn up in huge masses, consisting of the eight or nine battalions of which they were formed, deployed, and placed in a column one behind the other, with only five paces interval between the battalions.{{sfn|Haweis|1908|p=228}}

The one exception was the 1st Division (led by [[Joachim Jérôme Quiot du Passage|Quiot]], the commander of the 1st Brigade).{{sfn|Haweis|1908|p=228}} Its two brigades were formed in a similar manner, but side by side instead of behind one another. This was done because, being on the left of the four divisions, it was ordered to send one (Quiot's brigade) against the south and west of La Haye Sainte, while the other ([[Baron Charles-Francois Bourgeois|Bourgeois]]') was to attack the eastern side of the same post.{{sfn|Haweis|1908|p=228}}

The divisions were to advance in [[Echelon (formation)|echelon]] from the left at a distance of 400 paces apart—the 2nd Division ([[François-Xavier Donzelot|Donzelot]]'s) on the right of Bourgeois' brigade, the 3rd Division ([[Pierre-Louis Binet de Marcognet|Marcognet]]'s) next, and the 4th Division ([[Pierre François Joseph Durutte|Durutte]]'s) on the right. They were led by Ney to the assault, each column having a front of about a hundred and sixty to two hundred [[File (formation)|files]].{{sfn|Haweis|1908|p=228}}

[[File:Ferme de la Haie Sainte 01.JPG|thumb|La Haye Sainte – one of Wellington's advanced defensible positions. As the battle progressed it became clear that its defence and control was of greatest tactical importance.{{sfn|Simms|2014|p=64}}]]

The leftmost division advanced on the walled farmhouse compound [[La Haye Sainte]]. The farmhouse was defended by the King's German Legion. While one French battalion engaged the defenders from the front, the following battalions fanned out to either side and, with the support of several squadrons of cuirassiers, succeeded in isolating the farmhouse. The King's German Legion resolutely defended the farmhouse. Each time the French tried to scale the walls, the outnumbered Germans somehow held them off. The [[William II of the Netherlands|Prince of Orange]] saw that La Haye Sainte had been cut off and tried to reinforce it by sending forward the Hanoverian Lüneburg Battalion in line. Cuirassiers concealed in a fold in the ground caught and destroyed it in minutes and then rode on past La Haye Sainte, almost to the crest of the ridge, where they covered d'Erlon's left flank as his attack developed.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1993|pp=289–293}}

At about 13:30, d'Erlon started to advance his three other divisions, some 14,000&nbsp;men over a front of about {{convert|1,000|m|yd|abbr=off}}, against Wellington's left wing. At the point they aimed for, they faced 6,000&nbsp;men: the first line consisted of the 1st brigade ([[Van Bylandt's brigade]]) of the 2nd Netherlands Division, flanked by the British brigades of Kempt and Pack on either side. The second line consisted of British and Hanoverian troops under [[Sir Thomas Picton]], who were lying down in dead ground behind the ridge. All had suffered badly at Quatre Bras. In addition, Bylandt's brigade had been ordered to deploy its skirmishers in the hollow road and on the forward slope. The rest of the brigade was lying down just behind the road.{{efn|Website of current Dutch historian<!--s: Erwin van Muilwijk: [http://home.tiscali.nl/erwinmuilwijk/index.htm Tiscali.nl], and... website no longer contains the referenced sources--> Marco Bijl: [http://www.8militia.net/ 8militia.net];{{harvnb|Eenens|1879|pp=14–30, 131–198}}; De Jongh, W.A.: Veldtocht van den Jare 1815, Historisch verhaal; in De Nieuwe Militaire Spectator (Nijmegen 1866), pp. 13–27.(This is the original account of Colonel de Jongh, commander of the Dutch 8th Militia. It can be downloaded at the site of Marco Bijl above.); Löben Sels, Ernst van Bijdragen tot de krijgsgeschiedenis van Napoleon Bonaparte / door E. van Löben Sels Part 4; Veldtogten van 1814 in Frankrijk, en van 1815 in de Nederlanden (Battles). 1842. 's-Gravenhage : de Erven Doorman, pp. 601–682; Allebrandi, Sebastian. Herinneringen uit mijne tienjarige militaire loopbaan. 1835. Amsterdam : Van Kesteren, pp. 21–30; (Allebrandi was a soldier in the Dutch 7th Militia, so his account is therefore important).}}{{efn|1=De Bas reprints colonel Van Zuylen's 'History of the 2nd division'. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt was the chief of staff of the 2nd Division and located right behind the Bylandt brigade the whole day ({{harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=134–136}}(vol.2)). He wrote a 32-page report, right after the battle. This report forms the basis of most of the other literature mentioned here: see {{harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=289–352}}(vol.3). [https://books.google.com/books?id=V5wLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA61 Google Books]; Boulger has an English translation of the report {{harv|Boulger|1901}}.}}

At the moment these skirmishers were rejoining their parent battalions, the brigade was ordered to its feet and started to return fire. On the left of the brigade, where the 7th Dutch Militia stood, a "few files were shot down and an opening in the line thus occurred."<ref>Van Zuylen report {{harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=338–339}}(vol. 3)</ref> The battalion had no reserves and was unable to close the gap.{{efn|The brigade's losses were very heavy: one French volley at point blank range decimated the 7th and 8th Militia, who had most of their officers killed or wounded, the brigade commander [[Willem Frederik van Bylandt|Bylandt]] being one of the wounded who had to be evacuated; he transferred command of the brigade to Lt. Kol. De Jongh.{{efn|{{harvnb|Pawly|2001|pp=37–43}}; The two battalions lost their command structure in one stroke. The total casualties for the whole brigade for the day was around 800 killed and wounded {{harv|Hamilton-Williams|1993|pp=310–311}}.}} D'Erlon's troops pushed through this gap in the line and the remaining battalions in the Bylandt brigade (8th Dutch Militia and Belgian 7th Line Battalion) were forced to retreat to the square of the 5th Dutch Militia, which was in reserve between Picton's troops, about 100 paces to the rear. There they regrouped under the command of Colonel [[Pieter Hendrik van Zuylen van Nijevelt|Van Zuylen van Nijevelt]].{{efn|Van Zuylen report; he refers to himself as "the chief-of-staff" ({{harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=338–339}}(vol. 3)).}}{{efn|Some of the retreating troops panicked and fled. This was not to be wondered at in the circumstances. The British troops of the 1/95th Battalion, also under great pressure from the French, did the same at the time. This flight did not involve all of the Dutch battalions, as has been asserted by some historians. Van Zuylen rallied 400 men, according to his estimate, who were ready to join the counterattack and even captured two French fanions ({{harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=338–341}}(vol. 3); {{harvnb|Hamilton-Williams|1993|pp=293–295}}).}} A moment later, the Prince of Orange ordered a counterattack, which actually occurred around 10 minutes later. The following letters are used: the accounts of General Kempt, Calvert of the 32nd Infantry, Cruikshank of the 79th, Winchester & Hope of the 92nd, Evans (Ponsonby Cavalry brigade) and Clark Kennedy of the Royal Dragoons {{harv|Glover|2004|p={{Page needed|date=June 2015}}}}. These are the only letters that actually state some details about the Dutch and Belgian troops.}}

[[File:Andrieux - La bataille de Waterloo.jpg|thumb|''The Battle of Waterloo'' by [[Clément-Auguste Andrieux]]]]

D'Erlon's men ascended the slope and advanced on the sunken road, Chemin d'Ohain, that ran from behind La Haye Sainte and continued east. It was lined on both sides by thick hedges, with Bylandt's brigade just across the road, while the British brigades had been lying down some 100 yards back from the road, Pack's to Bylandt's left and Kempt's to Bylandt's right. Kempt's 1,900 men were engaged by Bourgeois' brigade of 1,900 men of Quiot's division. In the centre, Donzelot's division had pushed back Bylandt's brigade.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=134–138}}

On the right of the French advance was Marcognet's division, led by Grenier's brigade, consisting of the 45e Régiment de Ligne and followed by the 25e Régiment de Ligne, somewhat less than 2,000 men, and behind them, Nogue's brigade of the 21e and 45e regiments. Opposing them on the other side of the road was [[Denis Pack|Pack]]'s 9th Brigade, consisting of the [[44th Foot]] and three Scottish regiments: the [[Royal Scots]], the 42nd [[Black Watch]], and the 92nd Gordons, totalling something over 2,000 men. A very even fight between British and French infantry was about to occur.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=134–138}}

The French advance drove in the British skirmishers and reached the sunken road. As they did so, Pack's men stood up, formed into a four-deep line formation for fear of the French cavalry, advanced, and opened fire. However, a firefight had been anticipated and the French infantry had accordingly advanced in more linear formation. Now, fully deployed into line, they returned fire and successfully pressed the British troops; although the attack faltered at the centre, the line in front of d'Erlon's right started to crumble. Picton was killed shortly after ordering a counter-attack, and the British and Hanoverian troops also began to give way under the pressure of numbers.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1993|pp=296–297}}

Pack's regiments, all four ranks deep, advanced to attack the French in the road but faltered and began to fire on the French instead of charging. The 42nd Black Watch halted at the hedge and the resulting fire-fight drove back the British 92nd Foot, while the leading French 45e Ligne burst through the hedge cheering. Along the sunken road, the French were forcing the Anglo-allies back, the British line was dispersing, and at two o'clock in the afternoon Napoleon was winning the Battle of Waterloo.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=138}}

Reports from [[Karl Freiherr von Müffling|Baron von Müffling]], the Prussian liaison officer attached to Wellington's army, relate that, "After 3 o'clock the Duke's situation became critical, unless the succour of the Prussian army arrived soon."{{sfn|Uffindell|Corum|2002|p=211}}

===Charge of the British heavy cavalry===
{{blockquote|Our officers of cavalry have acquired a trick of galloping at everything. They never consider the situation, never think of manoeuvring before an enemy, and never keep back or provide a reserve.|Wellington.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=140–142}}}}
[[File:Scotland Forever!.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''Scotland Forever!'', the charge of the Royal Scots Greys at Waterloo painted by [[Elizabeth Thompson]]]]
At this crucial juncture, Uxbridge ordered his two brigades of British heavy cavalry—formed unseen behind the ridge—to charge in support of the hard-pressed infantry. The [[1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Brigade]], known as the Household Brigade, commanded by Major-General [[Lord Edward Somerset]], consisted of guards regiments: the [[1st Regiment of Life Guards|1st]] and [[2nd Regiment of Life Guards|2nd Life Guards]], the [[Royal Horse Guards]] (the Blues), and the [[1st King's Dragoon Guards|1st (King's) Dragoon Guards]]. The [[2nd Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Brigade]], also known as the Union Brigade, commanded by Major-General [[William Ponsonby (British Army officer)|Sir William Ponsonby]], was so called as it consisted of an English (the [[1st The Royal Dragoons|1st or The Royals]]), a Scottish ([[Royal Scots Greys|2nd Scots Greys]]), and an Irish ([[6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons|6th or Inniskilling]]) regiment of heavy dragoons.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=217}}{{sfn|Anglesey|1990|p=125}}

[[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|left|thumb|upright|British Household Cavalry charging]]

More than 20&nbsp;years of warfare had eroded the numbers of suitable cavalry mounts available on the European continent; this resulted in the British heavy cavalry entering the 1815 campaign with the finest horses of any contemporary cavalry arm. British cavalry troopers also received excellent mounted swordsmanship training. They were, however, inferior to the French in manoeuvring in large formations, were cavalier in attitude, and, unlike the infantry, some units had scant experience of warfare.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=140–142}}

The Scots Greys, for example, had not been in action since 1795.{{sfn|Grant|1972|p=17}} According to Wellington, though they were superior individual horsemen, they were inflexible and lacked tactical ability.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=140–142}} "I considered one squadron a match for two French, I didn't like to see four British opposed to four French: and as the numbers increased and order, of course, became more necessary I was the more unwilling to risk our men without having a superiority in numbers."{{sfn|Oman|Hall|1902|p=119}}

The two brigades had a combined field strength of about 2,000 (2,651 official strength); they charged with the 47-year-old Uxbridge leading them and a very inadequate number of squadrons held in reserve.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=188}}{{efn|The Royal Horse Guards (2 squadrons) were in reserve for the Household Brigade (9 or 10 squadrons strong) but the Union Brigade (9 squadrons) had no reserve (''Letter 5'', {{harvnb|Siborne<!--HT-->|1891|pp=7–10}}; ''Letter 16'' {{harvnb|Glover|2004}}). The total may have been 18&nbsp;squadrons as there is an uncertainty in the sources as to whether the King's Dragoon Guards fielded three or four squadrons. Uxbridge implies 4 squadrons (''Letter 5'' {{harvnb|Siborne<!--HT-->|1891|pp=7–10}}), however, Capt. Naylor of the King's implies 3 when he states he commanded the centre squadron of the regiment (''Letter 21'', {{harvnb|Siborne<!--HT-->|1891|pp=46–47}}).}} There is evidence that Uxbridge gave an order, the morning of the battle, to all cavalry brigade commanders to commit their commands on their own initiative, as direct orders from himself might not always be forthcoming, and to "support movements to their front".{{sfn|Glover|2004|p=''Letter 16: Frederick Stovin (ADC to Sir Thomas Picton)''}} It appears that Uxbridge expected the brigades of [[Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur]], [[Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian|Hussey Vivian]], and the Dutch cavalry to provide support to the British heavies. Uxbridge later regretted leading the charge in person, saying "I committed a great mistake", when he should have been organising an adequate reserve to move forward in support.{{sfn|Siborne<!--HT-->|1891|loc=''Letter 5'', pp. 7–10}}

[[File:Richard Ansdell — The Fight For The Standard.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles Ewart|Sergeant Ewart]] of the Scots Greys capturing the eagle of the ''45e Ligne'' in ''[[The Fight for the Standard]]'' by [[Richard Ansdell]]]]

The Household Brigade crossed the crest of the Anglo-allied position and charged downhill. The cuirassiers guarding d'Erlon's left flank were still dispersed, and so were swept over the deeply sunken main road and then routed.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=426, note 18}}{{efn|An episode famously used later by [[Victor Hugo]] in ''[[Les Misérables]]''. The sunken lane acted as a trap, funnelling the flight of the French cavalry to their own right and away from the British cavalry. Some of the cuirassiers then found themselves hemmed in by the steep sides of the sunken lane, with a confused mass of their own infantry in front of them, the 95th Rifles firing at them from the north side of the lane, and Somerset's heavy cavalry still pressing them from behind.{{sfn|Siborne<!--W-->|1895|pp=410–411}} The novelty of fighting armoured foes impressed the British cavalrymen, as was recorded by the commander of the Household Brigade.}}

{{blockquote|The blows of the sabres on the cuirasses sounded like braziers at work.|Lord Edward Somerset.{{sfn|Houssaye|1900|p=182}}}}

Sir [[Walter Scott]], in ''Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk'', described the following scene:<blockquote>Sir [[John Elley]], who led the charge of the heavy brigade, was [...] at one time surrounded by several of the cuirassiers; but, being a tall and uncommonly powerful man, completely master of his sword and horse, he cut his way out, leaving several of his assailants on the ground, marked with wounds, indicating the unusual strength of the arm which inflicted them. Indeed, had not the ghastly evidence remained on the field, many of the blows dealt upon this occasion would have seemed borrowed from the annals of knight-errantry [...]</blockquote>Continuing their attack, the squadrons on the left of the Household Brigade then destroyed Aulard's brigade. Despite attempts to recall them, they continued past La Haye Sainte and found themselves at the bottom of the hill on blown horses facing Schmitz's brigade [[Infantry square|formed in squares]].{{sfn|Barbero|2013|p=160}}

To their left, the Union Brigade suddenly swept through the infantry lines, giving rise to the legend that some of the [[92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|92nd Gordon Highland Regiment]] clung onto their stirrups and accompanied them into the charge.{{efn|The tale was related, in old age, by a [[Sergeant Major]] Dickinson of the Scots Greys, the last British survivor of the charge {{harv|Low|1911|pp=137, 143}}.}} From the centre leftwards, the Royal Dragoons destroyed Bourgeois' brigade, capturing the eagle of the ''105e Ligne''. The Inniskillings routed the other brigade of Quoit's division, and the Scots Greys came upon the lead French regiment, ''45e Ligne'', as it was still reforming after having crossed the sunken road and broken through the hedge row in pursuit of the British infantry. The Greys captured the eagle of the ''45e Ligne''{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=198–204}} and overwhelmed Grenier's brigade. These would be the only two [[French Imperial Eagle|French eagles]] captured by the British during the battle.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=155}} On Wellington's extreme left, Durutte's division had time to form squares and fend off groups of Greys.

[[File:Napoleon French Lancer by Bellange.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Private of the Chevau-légers of the line (lancers) who routed the Union Brigade]]

As with the Household Cavalry, the officers of the Royals and Inniskillings found it very difficult to rein back their troops, who lost all cohesion. Having taken casualties, and still trying to reorder themselves, the Scots Greys and the rest of the Union Brigade found themselves before the main French lines.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1994|p=304}} Their horses were blown, and they were still in disorder without any idea of what their next collective objective was. Some attacked nearby gun batteries of the Grande Battery.{{sfn|Wooten|1993|p=42}} Although the Greys had neither the time nor means to disable the cannon or carry them off, they put very many out of action as the gun crews were killed or fled the battlefield.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=211}} Sergeant Major Dickinson of the Greys stated that his regiment was rallied before going on to attack the French artillery: Hamilton, the regimental commander, rather than holding them back cried out to his men "Charge, charge the guns!"{{sfn|Fletcher|1999|p=252}}

Napoleon promptly responded by ordering a counter-attack by the cuirassier brigades of Farine and Travers and Jaquinot's two [[Chevau-léger]] (lancer) regiments in the I Corps [[light cavalry]] division. Disorganized and milling about the bottom of the valley between Hougoumont and La Belle Alliance, the Scots Greys and the rest of the British heavy cavalry were taken by surprise by the countercharge of [[Édouard Jean Baptiste Milhaud|Milhaud]]'s cuirassiers, joined by lancers from Baron Jaquinot's 1st Cavalry Division.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1994|pp=303–304}}

[[File:Alphonse+Lalauze-P.+Eugene+Of.jpg|thumb|Dutch Belgian carabiniers at Waterloo]]

As Ponsonby tried to rally his men against the French cuirassers, he was attacked by Jaquinot's lancers and captured. A nearby party of Scots Greys saw the capture and attempted to rescue their brigade commander. The French lancer who had captured Ponsonby killed him and then used his lance to kill three of the Scots Greys who had attempted the rescue.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1994|p=304}}

By the time Ponsonby died, the momentum had entirely returned in favour of the French. Milhaud's and Jaquinot's cavalrymen drove the Union Brigade from the valley. The result was very heavy losses for the British cavalry.{{sfn|Siborne<!--W-->|1895|pp=425–426}}{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=86}} A countercharge, by British light dragoons under Major-General Vandeleur and Dutch–Belgian light dragoons and [[hussar]]s under Major-General [[Charles Étienne de Ghigny|Ghigny]] on the left wing, and Dutch–Belgian ''[[carabinier]]s'' under Major-General [[Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt|Trip]] in the centre, repelled the French cavalry.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=219–223}}

All figures quoted for the losses of the cavalry brigades as a result of this charge are estimates, as casualties were only noted down after the day of the battle and were for the battle as a whole.<ref>For initial strengths {{Harv|Adkin|2001|p=217}}.</ref>{{efn|Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle: Household Brigade, initial strength 1,319, killed&nbsp;–&nbsp;95, wounded&nbsp;–&nbsp;248, missing&nbsp;–&nbsp;250, totals&nbsp;–&nbsp;593, horses lost&nbsp;–&nbsp;672.<br />
Union Brigade, initial strength 1,332, killed&nbsp;–&nbsp;264, wounded&nbsp;–&nbsp;310, missing&nbsp;–&nbsp;38, totals&nbsp;–&nbsp;612, horses lost&nbsp;–&nbsp;631 {{harv|Smith|1998|p=544}}.}} Some historians, Barbero for example,{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=142–143}} believe the official rolls tend to overestimate the number of cavalrymen present in their squadrons on the field of battle and that the proportionate losses were, as a result, considerably higher than the numbers on paper might suggest.{{efn|This view appears to have arisen from a comment by Captain Clark-Kennedy of the 1st Dragoons 'Royals', in a letter in [[H. T. Siborne]]'s book, he makes an estimate of around 900&nbsp;men actually in line within the Union Brigade before its first charge {{harv|Siborne<!--HT-->|1891|loc=''Letter 35'', p. 69}}. Clark-Kennedy does not, however, explain how his estimate was arrived at. The shortfall of 432&nbsp;men (the equivalent of a whole regiment) from the paper strength of the brigade is large. However, another officer of the brigade, John Mills of the 2nd Dragoons, says that the effective strength of the brigade did not "exceed 1,200" {{harv|Glover|2007|p=59}}.}}

The Union Brigade lost heavily in both officers and men killed (including its commander, William Ponsonby, and Colonel Hamilton of the Scots Greys) and wounded. The 2nd Life Guards and the King's Dragoon Guards of the Household Brigade also lost heavily (with Colonel Fuller, commander of the King's DG, killed). However, the 1st Life Guards, on the extreme right of the charge, and the Blues, who formed a reserve, had kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties.<ref>{{harvnb|Siborne<!--W-->|1895|pp=329, 349}} (composition of brigades); pp. 422–424 (actions of brigades).</ref>{{efn|[[William Siborne]] was in possession of a number of eyewitness accounts from generals, such as Uxbridge, down to cavalry cornets and infantry ensigns. This makes his history particularly useful (though only from the British and KGL perspective); some of these eyewitness letters were later published by his son, a British Major General (H. T. Siborne). Parts of William Siborne's account were, and are, highly controversial. The very negative light shed by Siborne on the conduct of the Dutch–Belgian troops during the battle, which it should be said was a reasonably accurate reflection of the opinions of his British informants, prompted a semi-official rebuttal by Dutch historian Captain [[Willem Jan Knoop]] in his ''"Beschouwingen over Siborne's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden" en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger''. Breda 1846; 2nd printing 1847. Knoop based his rebuttal on the official Dutch after-battle reports, drawn up within days of the battle, not on twenty-year-old recollections of veterans, as Siborne did. Siborne rejected the rebuttal.}} On the rolls the official, or paper strength, for both Brigades is given as 2,651 while Barbero and others estimate the actual strength at around 2,000{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=142–143}}{{efn|Barbero points out that in April the minister informed Wellington that cavalry regiments could allow themselves no more than 360 horses. The text of this memorandum from Torrens to Wellington Barbero refers to is available in Hamilton-Williams, p.75.}} and the official recorded losses for the two heavy cavalry brigades during the battle was 1,205 troopers and 1,303 horses.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=217}}{{efn|Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle: Household Brigade, initial strength 1,319, killed&nbsp;–&nbsp;95, wounded&nbsp;–&nbsp;248, missing&nbsp;–&nbsp;250, totals&nbsp;–&nbsp;593, horses lost&nbsp;–&nbsp;672.
Union Brigade, initial strength 1,332, killed&nbsp;–&nbsp;264, wounded&nbsp;–&nbsp;310, missing&nbsp;–&nbsp;38, totals&nbsp;–&nbsp;612, horses lost&nbsp;–&nbsp;631 {{harv|Smith|1998|p=544}}.}}

[[File:De Slag bij Waterloo Rijksmuseum SK-A-1115.jpeg|right|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Jan Willem Pieneman]]'s ''[[The Battle of Waterloo (Pieneman painting)|The Battle of Waterloo]]'' (1824). Duke of Wellington, centre, flanked on his left by Lord Uxbridge in hussar uniform. On the image's far left, Cpl. Styles of the Royal Dragoons flourishes the eagle of the ''105e Ligne''. The wounded Prince of Orange is carried from the field in the foreground.]]

Some historians, such as Chandler, Weller, Uffindell, and Corum, assert that the British heavy cavalry were destroyed as a viable force following their first, epic charge.{{sfn|Weller|2010|p=104}}{{sfn|Uffindell|Corum|2002|p=82}} Barbero states that the Scots Greys were practically wiped out and that the other two regiments of the Union Brigade suffered comparable losses.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=164}} Other historians, such as Clark-Kennedy and Wood, citing British eyewitness accounts, describe the continuing role of the heavy cavalry after their charge. The heavy brigades, far from being ineffective, continued to provide valuable services. They countercharged French cavalry numerous times (both brigades),{{sfn|Siborne<!--HT-->|1891|loc=Letters: 18, 26, 104}}{{sfn|Clark-Kennedy|1975|p=111}}{{sfn|Fletcher|2001|pp=142–143}}{{sfn|Wood|1895|pp=164, 171}} halted a combined cavalry and infantry attack (Household Brigade only),{{sfn|Siborne<!--HT-->|1891|p=38}}{{sfn|Anglesey|1990|p=144}}{{sfn|Cotton|1849|pp=90–91}} were used to bolster the morale of those units in their vicinity at times of crisis, and filled gaps in the Anglo-allied line caused by high casualties in infantry formations (both brigades).{{sfn|Siborne<!--HT-->|1891|loc=Letters 9, 18, 36}}{{sfn|Anglesey|1990|p=146}}{{sfn|Clark-Kennedy|1975|pp=110–111}}{{sfn|Wood|1895|p=177}}{{sfn|Fletcher|1999|pp=270–271}}

This service was rendered at a very high cost, as close combat with French cavalry, carbine fire, infantry musketry, and—more deadly than all of these—artillery fire steadily eroded the number of effectives in the two brigades.{{efn|In a cavalry unit an "effective" was an unwounded trooper mounted on a sound horse. The military term "effective" describes a soldier, piece of equipment (e.g. a tank or aircraft) or military unit capable of fighting or carrying out its intended purpose.}} At 6 o'clock in the afternoon the whole Union Brigade could field only three squadrons, though these countercharged French cavalry, losing half their number in the process.{{sfn|Clark-Kennedy|1975|p=111}} At the end of the fighting, the two brigades, by this time combined, could muster one squadron.{{sfn|Clark-Kennedy|1975|p=111}}{{sfn|Wood|1895|p=177}}{{sfn|Siborne<!--HT-->|1891|p=39}}

Fourteen thousand French troops of d'Erlon's I Corps had been committed to this attack. The I Corps had been driven in rout back across the valley, costing Napoleon 3,000 casualties{{sfn|Esposito|Elting|1999|p=354, Map 166}} including over 2,000&nbsp;prisoners taken.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=156}} Also some valuable time was lost, as the charge had dispersed numerous units and it would take until 16:00 for d'Erlon's shaken corps to reform. And although elements of the Prussians now began to appear on the field to his right, Napoleon had already ordered Lobau's VI corps to move to the right flank to hold them back before d'Erlon's attack began.

===The French cavalry attack===
[[File:Marechal Ney à Waterloo.jpg|thumb|[[Michel Ney|Marshal Ney]] leading the French cavalry charge, from [[Louis Dumoulin]]'s ''[[Panorama of the Battle of Waterloo]]'']]
A little before 16:00, Ney noted an apparent exodus from Wellington's centre. He mistook the movement of casualties to the rear for the beginnings of a retreat, and sought to exploit it. Following the defeat of d'Erlon's Corps, Ney had few infantry reserves left, as most of the infantry had been committed either to the futile Hougoumont attack or to the defence of the French right. Ney therefore tried to break Wellington's centre with cavalry alone.{{sfn|Siborne<!--W-->|1895|pp=443–449}} Initially, Milhaud's reserve cavalry corps of cuirassiers and [[Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes|Lefebvre-Desnoëttes]]' light cavalry division of the Imperial Guard, some 4,800&nbsp;sabres, were committed. When these were repulsed, [[François Étienne de Kellermann|Kellermann]]'s heavy cavalry corps and [[Claude-Étienne Guyot|Guyot]]'s heavy cavalry of the Guard were added to the massed assault, a total of around 9,000&nbsp;cavalry in 67&nbsp;squadrons.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=356}} When Napoleon saw the charge he said it was an hour too soon.{{sfn|Esposito|Elting|1999|p=354, Map 166}}

[[File:French cuirassiers vs Nassauers.jpg|thumb|''French [[Cuirassier]]s'', by Louis Dumoulin]]

Wellington's infantry responded by forming squares (hollow box-formations four ranks deep). Squares were much smaller than usually depicted in paintings of the battle—a 500-man battalion square would have been no more than {{convert|60|ft}} in length on a side. [[Infantry square]]s that stood their ground were deadly to cavalry, as cavalry could not engage with soldiers behind a hedge of bayonets, but were themselves vulnerable to fire from the squares. Horses would not charge a square, nor could they be outflanked, but they were vulnerable to artillery or infantry. Wellington ordered his artillery crews to take shelter within the squares as the cavalry approached, and to return to their guns and resume fire as they retreated.{{sfn|Siborne<!--W-->|1895|pp=444, 447}}{{sfn|Adkin|2001|pp=273, 414}}

Witnesses in the British infantry recorded 12 assaults.{{sfn|Wood|1895|p=170}} However, due to the wide frontage of cavalry formations and the {{convert|950|m|yd|abbr=on}} space between Hougoumont and La Haie Sainte, any massed cavalry advance would, in reality, consist of a number of successive waves.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=356}}  Kellermann, recognising the futility of the attacks, tried to reserve the elite ''carabinier'' brigade from joining in, but eventually Ney spotted them and insisted on their involvement.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=359}}

A British eyewitness of the first French cavalry attack, an officer in the Foot Guards, recorded his impressions very lucidly and somewhat poetically:

{{blockquote|About four p.m., the enemy's artillery in front of us ceased firing all of a sudden, and we saw large masses of cavalry advance: not a man present who survived could have forgotten in after life the awful grandeur of that charge. You discovered at a distance what appeared to be an overwhelming, long moving line, which, ever advancing, glittered like a stormy wave of the sea when it catches the sunlight. On they came until they got near enough, whilst the very earth seemed to vibrate beneath the thundering tramp of the mounted host. One might suppose that nothing could have resisted the shock of this terrible moving mass. They were the famous cuirassiers, almost all old soldiers, who had distinguished themselves on most of the battlefields of Europe. In an almost incredibly short period they were within twenty yards of us, shouting ''"Vive l'Empereur!"'' The word of command, "Prepare to receive cavalry", had been given, every man in the front ranks knelt, and a wall bristling with steel, held together by steady hands, presented itself to the infuriated cuirassiers.|Captain Rees Howell Gronow, Foot Guards.{{sfn|Gronow|1862|loc=''The Duke of Wellington in our square''}}}}

[[File:Artillery in Battle of Waterloo by Jones.jpg|thumb|"The artillery officers had the range so accurately, that every shot and shell fell into the very centre of their masses" (Original inscription and drawing after [[George Jones (painter)|George Jones]])]]

In essence this type of massed cavalry attack relied almost entirely on psychological shock for effect.{{sfn|Weller|1992|pp=211, 212}} Close artillery support could disrupt infantry squares and allow cavalry to penetrate; at Waterloo, however, co-operation between the French cavalry and artillery was not impressive. The French artillery did not get close enough to the Anglo-allied infantry in sufficient numbers to be decisive.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|pp=252, 361}} Artillery fire between charges did produce mounting casualties, but most of this fire was at relatively long range and was often indirect, at targets beyond the ridge.{{sfn|Mercer|1870a|pp=313–315}}

If infantry being attacked held firm in their square defensive formations, and were not panicked, cavalry on their own could do very little damage to them. The French cavalry attacks were repeatedly repelled by the steadfast infantry squares, the harrying fire of British artillery as the French cavalry recoiled down the slopes to regroup, and the decisive countercharges of Wellington's light cavalry regiments, the Dutch heavy cavalry brigade, and the remaining effectives of the Household Cavalry.{{sfn|Mercer|1870a|pp=313–315}}

[[File:Charge of the French Cuirassiers at Waterloo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A British square puts up dogged resistance against attacking French cavalry]]

At least one artillery officer disobeyed Wellington's order to seek shelter in the adjacent squares during the charges. [[Cavalié Mercer|Captain Mercer]], who commanded [[G Parachute Battery (Mercer's Troop) Royal Horse Artillery|'G' Troop]], [[Royal Horse Artillery]], thought the Brunswick troops on either side of him so shaky that he kept his battery of six nine-pounders in action against the cavalry throughout, to great effect.{{sfn|Mercer|1870a|pp=313–315}}{{efn|This qualification may have been self-serving on Mercer's part. Wellington himself sought refuge in the "shaky" Brunswick squares at the time and observed what he interpreted as acts of cowardice by British artillerymen, who "...&nbsp;ran off the field entirely, taking with them limbers, ammunition, and everything&nbsp;..." as he wrote in a letter of 21 December 1815 to the Master-General of the Ordnance, Lord Mulgrave. The incident even justified the denial of pensions to members of the Artillery Corps in his view. So, where Mercer claimed heroism, Wellington saw the opposite. See for the full text of Wellington's letter, and an attempted rebuttal {{citation |last=Duncan |first=F. |title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery |pages=[https://archive.org/stream/historyofroyalre02duncuoft#page/444/mode/2up 444]–464 |year=1879 |chapter=Appendix A}} – The letter was originally published in ''WSD'', vol. XIV (1858 ed.), pp. 618–620}}

{{blockquote|I thus allowed them to advance unmolested until the head of the column might have been about fifty or sixty yards from us, and then gave the word, "Fire!" The effect was terrible. Nearly the whole leading rank fell at once; and the round shot, penetrating the column carried confusion throughout its extent&nbsp;... the discharge of every gun was followed by a fall of men and horses like that of grass before the mower's scythe. |Captain [[Cavalié Mercer]], RHA.{{sfn|Mercer|1870a|p=321}}}}

For reasons that remain unclear, no attempt was made to [[Touch hole|spike]] other Anglo-allied guns while they were in French possession. In line with Wellington's orders, gunners were able to return to their pieces and fire into the French cavalry as they withdrew after each attack. After numerous costly but fruitless attacks on the Mont-Saint-Jean ridge, the French cavalry was spent.{{efn|Cavalrymen were not allowed to dismount without orders, so individual initiative in spiking a cannon would have been impossible for any ranker. Each British cannon had a number of headless nails for spiking stored in a box on the gun carriage, so the French would have had the means to disable the guns readily available, had they known {{harv|Weller|1992|p=114}}.}}

Their casualties cannot easily be estimated. Senior French cavalry officers, in particular the generals, experienced heavy losses. Four divisional commanders were wounded, nine brigadiers wounded, and one killed—testament to their courage and their habit of leading from the front.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=359}} Illustratively, Houssaye reports that the ''Grenadiers à Cheval'' numbered 796 of all ranks on 15 June, but just 462 on 19 June, while the Empress Dragoons lost 416 of 816 over the same period.{{sfn|Houssaye|1900|p=522}} Overall, Guyot's Guard heavy cavalry division lost 47% of its strength.

===Second French infantry attack===
[[File:Charge des lanciers de la Garde à Waterloo (détail du Panorama de Waterloo).jpg|thumb|[[2e régiment de chevau-légers lanciers de la Garde Impériale|2nd Guard Lancers]] with the ''[[Grenadiers à Cheval de la Garde Impériale|Grenadiers à Cheval]]'' in support{{efn|A number of different mounts could have been ridden by Napoleon at Waterloo: Ali, Crebère, Désirée, Jaffa, Marie and Tauris ({{harvnb|Summerville|2007|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=q_cXSrh0C_IC&pg=PA315 p. 315]}}) Lozier states it was Désirée {{harv|Lozier|2010}}.}}]]
Eventually it became obvious, even to Ney, that cavalry alone were achieving little. Belatedly, he organised a combined-arms attack, using [[Gilbert Bachelu|Bachelu's]] division and Tissot's regiment of Foy's division from Reille's II Corps (about 6,500&nbsp;infantrymen) plus those French cavalry that remained in a fit state to fight. This assault was directed along much the same route as the previous heavy cavalry attacks (between Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte).{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=361}} It was halted by a charge of the Household Brigade cavalry led by Uxbridge. The British cavalry were unable, however, to break the French infantry, and fell back with losses from musketry fire.{{sfn|Siborne<!--HT-->|1891|pp=14, 38–39}}

Uxbridge recorded that he tried to lead the Dutch Carabiniers, under Major-General [[Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt|Trip]], to renew the attack and that they refused to follow him. Other members of the British cavalry staff also commented on this occurrence.{{sfn|Siborne<!--HT-->|1891|loc=pp. 14–15 and letters 6, 7 and 9}} However, there is no support for this incident in Dutch or Belgian sources,{{efn|1=On the contrary, many contradicted this British account vehemently. See e.g.{{harvnb|Eenens|1879|pp= 131–198}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxdJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT23 Google Books]; {{citation |last=Knoop |first=W.J. |title=en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger |year=1847 |orig-year=1846 |chapter=Beschouwingen over Siborne's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden |edition=2nd |location=Breda |author-link=Willem Jan Knoop}}; {{citation |last=Craan |first=W.B. |title=An historical account of the battle of Waterloo |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalacc00goregoog 30]–31 |year=1817 |author-link=Willem Benjamin Craan |translator-last=Gore |translator-first=A.}} – written in 1816 on the basis of eyewitness accounts does not mention the incident).}} and Wellington wrote in his Dispatch to [[Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst|Secretary for War Bathurst]] on 19 June 1815 that General Trip had "conducted himself much to my satisfaction".<ref>Wellington, Arthur Wellesley duke of (1838). The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington. Vol. 12. p. 484. at [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QaeBLal_vpjxjfXnp_AZHPQpVU-UFzfpbXwoKQ-CqtxwBOVTcS_23H131Kvev7imkGgpnZp6FJmq01yDuzD3mXh5IpPd6s8BuioVnBOchjuSkldzoadfjgEbIYxr89Qyfn8z5yBIz7VYWwgWuvy0pslQKJ67d9CSA8OBT9u_EZamK-8OHITiVGO3rq1RLeeihzPg3c-P6pIDXSW3Jg2Ix-g-Imf2Z06WKaChTRbsgkJTsWH9TQ92HnYXSN7KY54g842E1t87ukuylfnK42cStt81y-ttKMBPwmdUuxCdCJMUqWgomFk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512125804/https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QaeBLal_vpjxjfXnp_AZHPQpVU-UFzfpbXwoKQ-CqtxwBOVTcS_23H131Kvev7imkGgpnZp6FJmq01yDuzD3mXh5IpPd6s8BuioVnBOchjuSkldzoadfjgEbIYxr89Qyfn8z5yBIz7VYWwgWuvy0pslQKJ67d9CSA8OBT9u_EZamK-8OHITiVGO3rq1RLeeihzPg3c-P6pIDXSW3Jg2Ix-g-Imf2Z06WKaChTRbsgkJTsWH9TQ92HnYXSN7KY54g842E1t87ukuylfnK42cStt81y-ttKMBPwmdUuxCdCJMUqWgomFk|date=12 May 2023}}.</ref> Uxbridge then ordered a charge by three squadrons of the 3rd Hussars of the King's German Legion. They broke through the French cavalry, but became hemmed in, were cut off and suffered severe losses.{{sfn|Siborne|1891|loc=p464}} Meanwhile, Bachelu's and Tissot's men and their cavalry supports were being hard hit by fire from artillery and from Adam's infantry brigade, and they eventually fell back.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=361}}

Although the French cavalry caused few direct casualties to Wellington's centre, artillery fire onto his infantry squares caused many. Wellington's cavalry, except for Sir John Vandeleur's and Sir Hussey Vivian's brigades on the far left, had all been committed to the fight, and had taken significant losses. The situation appeared so desperate that the Cumberland Hussars, the only Hanoverian cavalry regiment present, fled the field spreading alarm all the way to Brussels.{{sfn|Siborne<!--W-->|1895|p=465}}{{efn|The commander of the Cumberland Hussars, who was later court-martialled and cashiered, claimed that as his troopers (all well-to-do young Hanoverians) owned their own horses he could not order them to remain on the field. Following the battle the regiment was broken up and the troopers assigned duties they, no doubt, considered ignominious. Four were posted to Captain Mercer's horse artillery troop, where he found them "amazingly sulky and snappish with every one".{{harv|Mercer|1870b|p=62}}}}

===French capture of La Haye Sainte===
[[File:Knotel - The storming of La Haye Sainte.jpg|thumb|alt=''The storming of La Haye Sainte'' by Knötel|''The storming of La Haye Sainte'' by Knötel]]
At approximately the same time as Ney's combined-arms assault on the centre-right of Wellington's line, rallied elements of D'Erlon's I Corps, spearheaded by the 13th ''Légère'', renewed the attack on La Haye Sainte and this time were successful, partly because the King's German Legion's ammunition ran out. However, the Germans had held the centre of the battlefield for almost the entire day, and this had stalled the French advance.{{sfn|Simms|2014|pp=59–60, 63–64}}{{sfn|Beamish|1995|p=367}}

With La Haye Sainte captured, Ney then moved skirmishers and [[horse artillery]] up towards Wellington's centre.{{sfn|Siborne<!--W-->|1895|p=483}} French artillery began to pulverise the infantry squares at short range with [[Canister shot|canister]].{{sfn|Siborne<!--W-->|1895|p=484}} The 30th and 73rd Regiments suffered such heavy losses that they had to combine to form a viable square.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=236}}

{{blockquote|The possession of La Haye Sainte by the French was a very dangerous incident. It uncovered the very centre of the Anglo-allied army, and established the enemy within 60 yards of that centre. The French lost no time in taking advantage of this, by pushing forward infantry supported by guns, which enabled them to maintain a most destructive fire upon Alten's left and Kempt's right ...|Captain James Shaw, [[43rd Foot]], Chief of Staff 3rd Division.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=134}}}}

The success Napoleon needed to continue his offensive had occurred.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=234}} Ney was on the verge of breaking the Anglo-allied centre.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=134}}

Along with this artillery fire a multitude of French ''tirailleurs'' occupied the dominant positions behind La Haye Sainte and poured an effective fire into the squares. The situation for the Anglo-allies was now so dire that the 33rd Regiment's colours and all of Halkett's brigade's colours were sent to the rear for safety, described by historian Alessandro Barbero as, "...&nbsp;a measure that was without precedent".{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=241}}

Wellington, noticing the slackening of fire from La Haye Sainte, with his staff rode closer to it. French skirmishers appeared around the building and fired on the British command as it struggled to get away through the hedgerow along the road. The Prince of Orange then ordered a single battalion of the KGL, the Fifth, to recapture the farm despite the obvious presence of enemy cavalry. Their Colonel, [[Christian Friedrich Wilhelm von Ompteda]] obeyed and led the battalion down the slope, chasing off some French skirmishers until French cuirassiers fell on his open flank, killed him, destroyed his battalion and took its colour.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=234}}

A Dutch–Belgian cavalry regiment ordered to charge retreated from the field instead, fired on by their own infantry. Merlen's Light Cavalry Brigade charged the French artillery taking position near La Haye Sainte but were shot to pieces and the brigade fell apart. The Netherlands Cavalry Division, Wellington's last cavalry reserve behind the centre having lost half their strength was now useless and the French cavalry, despite its losses, were masters of the field, compelling the Anglo-allied infantry to remain in square. More and more French artillery was brought forward.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=235–236}}

A French battery advanced to within 300 yards of the 1/1st Nassau square causing heavy casualties. When the Nassauers attempted to attack the battery they were ridden down by a squadron of cuirassiers. Yet another battery deployed on the flank of Mercer's battery and shot up its horses and limbers and pushed Mercer back. Mercer later recalled, {{quote|The rapidity and precision of this fire was quite appalling. Every shot almost took effect, and I certainly expected we should all be annihilated. ... The saddle-bags, in many instances were torn from horses' backs ... One shell I saw explode under the two finest wheel-horses in the troop down they dropped{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=235–236}}{{sfn|Mercer|1870a|pp=325–326}}}}

French ''tirailleurs'' occupied the dominant positions, especially one on a knoll overlooking the square of the 27th. Unable to break square to drive off the French infantry because of the presence of French cavalry and artillery, the 27th had to remain in that formation and endure the fire of the ''tirailleurs''. That fire nearly annihilated the 27th Foot, the Inniskillings, who lost two thirds of their strength within that three or four hours.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=239}}

{{blockquote|The banks on the road side, the garden wall, the knoll and sandpit swarmed with skirmishers, who seemed determined to keep down our fire in front; those behind the artificial bank seemed more intent upon destroying the 27th, who at this time, it may literally be said, were lying dead in square; their loss after La Haye Sainte had fallen was awful, without the satisfaction of having scarcely fired a shot, and many of our troops in rear of the ridge were similarly situated.|Edward Cotton, 7th Hussars|{{sfn|Cotton|1849|pp=106–107}}}}

During this time many of Wellington's generals and aides were killed or wounded including [[FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan|FitzRoy Somerset]], Canning, [[William Howe De Lancey|de Lancey]], [[Charles, Count Alten|Alten]] and [[George Cooke (British Army officer)|Cooke]].{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=240}} The situation was now critical and Wellington, trapped in an infantry square and ignorant of events beyond it, was desperate for the arrival of help from the Prussians. He later wrote, {{blockquote|The time they occupied in approaching seemed interminable. Both they and my watch seemed to have stuck fast.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=242}}}}

===Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps: Plancenoit===
{{see also|Waterloo campaign: Ligny through Wavre to Waterloo#Prussians advance to the Wood of Paris|l1=Prussians attack out of the Wood of Paris}}
{{blockquote|Night or the Prussians must come.|Wellington.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=242}}}}
[[File:Prussian Attack Plancenoit by Adolf Northern.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Prussian attack on [[Plancenoit]] painted by [[Adolph Northen]]]]
The [[Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#Prussian IV Corps|Prussian IV Corps]] (Bülow's) was the first to arrive in strength. Bülow's objective was Plancenoit, which the Prussians intended to use as a springboard into the rear of the French positions. Blücher intended to secure his right upon the [[Châteaux Frichermont]] using the Bois de Paris road.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=116}} Blücher and Wellington had been exchanging communications since 10:00 and had agreed to this advance on Frichermont if Wellington's centre was under attack.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=95}}{{efn|Chesney states that Wellington and the Prussians remained in contact and that it was agreed that Bülow followed by Pirch would take the poorer road to "Froidmont" (Frichermont), while Zieten would take the longer northern, but better made, road via Ohain {{Harv|Chesney|1874|pp=173–178}}.}} General Bülow noted that the way to Plancenoit lay open and that the time was 16:30.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=116}}

At about this time, the [[Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#Prussian 15th Brigade|Prussian 15th Brigade]] ({{interlanguage link|Michael Heinrich von Losthin|de|lt=Losthin's|vertical-align=sup}}) was sent to link up with the Nassauers of Wellington's left flank in the Frichermont-[[La Haye, Lasne|La Haie]] area, with the brigade's horse artillery battery and additional brigade artillery deployed to its left in support.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=117}} Napoleon sent Lobau's corps to stop the rest of Bülow's IV Corps proceeding to Plancenoit. The 15th Brigade threw Lobau's troops out of Frichermont with a determined bayonet charge, then proceeded up the Frichermont heights, battering French Chasseurs with 12-pounder artillery fire, and pushed on to Plancenoit. This sent Lobau's corps into retreat to the Plancenoit area, driving Lobau past the rear of the ''Armee Du Nord''{{'}}s right flank and directly threatening its only line of retreat. Hiller's 16th Brigade also pushed forward with six battalions against Plancenoit.<ref name="Hussey2017">{{cite book |last=John Hussey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VDVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |title=Waterloo: The Campaign of 1815, Volume II: From Waterloo to the Restoration of Peace in Europe |year=2017 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-78438-202-5 |pages=178–}}</ref><ref name="Siborne1848">{{cite book |last=Siborne |first=William |title=The Waterloo Campaign, 1815 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxQazrQnHSkC |publisher=E. Arber |year=1848 |page=495}}</ref>

Napoleon had dispatched all eight battalions of the Young Guard to reinforce Lobau, who was now seriously pressed. The Young Guard counter-attacked and, after very hard fighting, secured Plancenoit, but were themselves counter-attacked and driven out.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=122}} Napoleon sent two battalions of the Middle/Old Guard into Plancenoit and after ferocious bayonet fighting—they did not deign to fire their muskets—this force recaptured the village.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=122}}

===Zieten's flank march===
[[File:Battle of Waterloo map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Situation from 17:30 to 20:00]]
Throughout the late afternoon, the [[Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#Prussian I Corps|Prussian I Corps]] (Zieten's) had been arriving in greater strength in the area just north of La Haie. General [[Karl Freiherr von Müffling|Müffling]], the Prussian liaison to Wellington, rode to meet Zieten.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=125}}

Zieten had by this time brought up the [[Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#Prussian 1st Brigade|Prussian 1st Brigade]] ([[Karl Friedrich Franciscus von Steinmetz|Steinmetz]]'s), but had become concerned at the sight of stragglers and casualties from the Nassau units on Wellington's left and from the Prussian 15th Brigade (Laurens'). These troops appeared to be withdrawing and Zieten, fearing that his own troops would be caught up in a general retreat, was starting to move away from Wellington's flank and towards the Prussian main body near Plancenoit. Zieten had also received a direct order from Blücher to support Bülow, which Zieten obeyed, starting to march to Bülow's aid.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=125}}

Müffling saw this movement away and persuaded Zieten to support Wellington's left flank.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=125}} Müffling warned Zieten that "The battle is lost if the corps does not keep on the move and immediately support the English army."{{sfn|Uffindell|Corum|2002|p=232}} Zieten resumed his march to support Wellington directly, and the arrival of his troops allowed Wellington to reinforce his crumbling centre by moving cavalry from his left.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=125}}

The French were expecting Grouchy to march to their support from Wavre, and when Prussian I Corps (Zieten's) appeared at Waterloo instead of Grouchy, "the shock of disillusionment shattered French morale" and "the sight of Zieten's arrival caused turmoil to rage in Napoleon's army".{{sfn|Uffindell|Corum|2002|p=233}} I Corps proceeded to attack the French troops before Papelotte and by 19:30 the French position was bent into a rough horseshoe shape. The ends of the line were now based on Hougoumont on the left, Plancenoit on the right, and the centre on La Haie.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=139}}

Durutte had taken the positions of La Haie and Papelotte in a series of attacks,{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=139}} but now retreated behind Smohain without opposing the Prussian 24th Regiment (Laurens') as it retook both. The 24th advanced against the new French position, was repulsed, and returned to the attack supported by Silesian ''Schützen'' (riflemen) and the F/1st ''Landwehr''.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=140}} The French initially fell back before the renewed assault, but now began seriously to contest ground, attempting to regain Smohain and hold on to the ridgeline and the last few houses of Papelotte.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=140}}

The Prussian 24th Regiment linked up with a Highlander battalion on its far right and along with the [[Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#Prussian 4th Brigade|13th ''Landwehr'' Regiment]] and cavalry support threw the French out of these positions. Further attacks by the 13th ''Landwehr'' and the 15th Brigade drove the French from Frichermont.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=141}} Durutte's division, finding itself about to be charged by massed squadrons of Zieten's I Corps cavalry reserve, retreated from the battlefield. The rest of d'Erlon's I Corps also broke and fled in panic, while to the west the French Middle Guard were assaulting Wellington's centre.{{sfn|Uffindell|Corum|2002|pp=232–233}}{{sfn|Chesney|1874|pp=187–190}} The Prussian I Corps then advanced towards the Brussels road, the only line of retreat available to the French.

===Attack of the Imperial Guard===
[[File:Crofts-Napoleon's last grand attack at Waterloo.jpg|thumb|Napoleon addresses the [[Old Guard (France)|Old Guard]] as it prepares to attack the Anglo-allied centre at Waterloo]]
Meanwhile, with Wellington's centre exposed by the fall of La Haye Sainte and the Plancenoit front temporarily stabilised, Napoleon committed his last reserve, the hitherto-undefeated Imperial Guard infantry. This attack, mounted at around 19:30, was intended to break through Wellington's centre and roll up his line away from the Prussians. Although it is one of the most celebrated passages of arms in military history, it had been unclear which units actually participated. It appears that it was mounted by five battalions of the Middle Guard,{{efn|Two chasseur battalions of the 4th Chasseurs were merged into one on the day of the battle, so while five Imperial Guard formations went forward, they may have comprised six battalions {{harv|Barbero|2005|loc={{Page needed|date=May 2010}}}}. Similarly, Lewis, 2013, pp. 188–190.{{Full citation needed|date=December 2016}}}} and not by the grenadiers or chasseurs of the Old Guard. Three Old Guard battalions did move forward and formed the attack's second line, though they remained in reserve and did not directly assault the Anglo-allied line.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=391}}{{efn|The attacking battalions were 1st/3rd and 4th Grenadiers and 1st/3rd, 2nd/3rd and 4th Chasseurs of the Middle Guard; those remaining in reserve were the 2nd/2nd Grenadiers, 2nd/1st and 2nd/2nd Chasseurs of the Old Guard {{harv|Adkin|2001|p=392}}.}}

{{blockquote|...&nbsp;I saw four regiments of the middle guard, conducted by the Emperor, arriving. With these troops, he wished to renew the attack, and penetrate the centre of the enemy. He ordered me to lead them on; generals, officers and soldiers all displayed the greatest intrepidity; but this body of troops was too weak to resist, for a long time, the forces opposed to it by the enemy, and it was soon necessary to renounce the hope which this attack had, for a few moments, inspired. |Marshal M. Ney.{{sfn|Booth|1815|pp=73, 74}} }}

[[File:Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png|thumb|upright|left|[[Grenadier]] of the [[Old Guard (France)|Old Guard]] in ''[[Le Grenadier]]'' by [[Édouard Detaille]]]]
[[File:General D H Chassé.jpg|thumb|upright|General [[David Hendrik Chassé]]]]

Napoleon himself oversaw the initial deployment of the Middle and Old Guard. The Middle Guard formed in battalion squares, each about 550 men strong, with the 1st/3rd Grenadiers, led by Generals [[Louis Friant|Friant]] and [[Paul-Jean-Baptiste Poret de Morvan|Poret de Morvan]], on the right along the road, to their left and rear was General Harlet leading the square of the 4th Grenadiers, then the 1st/3rd Chasseurs under General [[Claude-Étienne Michel|Michel]], next the 2nd/3rd Chasseurs and finally the large single square of two battalions of 800 soldiers of the 4th Chasseurs led by General Henrion. Two batteries of Imperial Guard Horse Artillery accompanied them with sections of two guns between the squares. Each square was led by a general and Marshal Ney, mounted on his 5th horse of the day, led the advance.{{sfn|Field|2013|pp=191–192}} Behind them, in reserve, were the three battalions of the Old Guard, right to left 1st/2nd Grenadiers, 2nd/2nd Chasseurs and 1st/2nd Chasseurs. Napoleon left Ney to conduct the assault; however, Ney led the Middle Guard on an oblique towards the Anglo-allied centre right instead of attacking straight up the centre. Napoleon sent Ney's senior ADC Colonel Crabbé to order Ney to adjust, but Crabbé was unable to get there in time.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Other troops rallied to support the advance of the Guard. On the left infantry from Reille's corps that was not engaged with Hougoumont and cavalry advanced. On the right all the now rallied elements of D'Érlon's corps once again ascended the ridge and engaged the Anglo-allied line. French artillery also moved forward in support; Duchand's battery, in particular, inflicting losses on [[Colin Halkett]]'s brigade.<ref>Adkin, pp. 391, 393</ref> Halkett's front line, consisting of the 30th Foot and 73rd, traded fire with the 1st/3rd and 4th Grenadiers but they were driven back in confusion into the 33rd and 69th regiments, Halket was shot in the face and seriously wounded and the whole brigade having been ordered to pull back, retreated in a mob. Other Anglo-allied troops began to give way as well. A counterattack by the Nassauers and the remains of Kielmansegge's brigade from the Anglo-allied second line, led by the Prince of Orange, was also thrown back and the Prince of Orange was seriously wounded. The survivors of Halkett's brigade were reformed, and engaged the French in a firefight.<ref>Adkin, pp. 394, 397</ref><ref>Barbero, pp. 358–361</ref>

[[File:De batterij Krahmer de Bichin bij Waterloo.jpg|thumb|right|Soldiers of the Dutch artillery, under leadership of [[Carel Frederik Krahmer de Bichin|Krahmer de Bichin]] (on horseback), place a gun in position against the French Guard (on the right side).]]
[[File:The Chassé Division at the Battle of Waterloo by Jan Hoynck van Papendrecht.jpg|thumb|right|Chassé leads the advance of his division]]

{{Blockquote|I saw the Garde Impériale advancing while the English troops were leaving the plateau ''en masse'' and moving in the direction of Waterloo; the battle seemed lost...| [[David Hendrik Chassé]]{{sfn|Baker-Smith|2016|pp=134}}}}

The Dutch divisional commander Chassé, on his own initiative, decided at this critical moment to advance with his relatively fresh Dutch division.{{sfn|Field|2013|pp=196–199}}{{sfn|Baker-Smith|2016|pp=134}} Chassé first ordered his artillery forward;{{sfn|Baker-Smith|2016|pp=134}} led by a battery of Dutch horse-artillery commanded by Captain [[Carel Frederik Krahmer de Bichin|Krahmer de Bichin]]. The battery opened a destructive fire into the 1st/3rd Grenadiers' flank.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=249–251, 258–259.}} (vol.2)</ref> This still did not stop the Guard's advance, so Chassé, who was affectionately called "Generaal Bajonet" by his soldiers, ordered his first brigade, commanded by Colonel [[Hendrik Detmers]], to charge the outnumbered French with the bayonet.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=252–253, 271–284, 419–424.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Van der Aa|1858|page=322}} As the Guard wavered Chassé galloped among his men and found Captain De Haan with a few soldiers of the 19th Militia, whom he ordered into a flank attack. According to Chassé:

{{Blockquote|[De Haan] jumped over the hedge, reformed the line of about fifty men and the murderous fire he inflicted caused death and confusion among the enemy's lines. He took advantage of their confusion and advanced with the bayonet against them. I had the unspeakable joy to witness 300 Cuirassiers run away from 50 Dutchmen.{{sfn|Baker-Smith|2016|pp=134}}}}

The French grenadiers then faltered and broke. The 4th Grenadiers, seeing their comrades retreat and having suffered heavy casualties themselves, now wheeled right about and retired.{{sfn|Field|2013|p=199}}

[[File:Plas Newydd (Anglesey) - Waterloo 1.jpg|thumb|left|British 10th Hussars of Vivian's Brigade (red shakos – blue uniforms) attacking mixed French troops, including a square of Guard grenadiers (left, middle distance) in the final stages of the battle]]

To the left of the 4th Grenadiers were the two squares of the 1st/ and 2nd/3rd Chasseurs who angled further to the west and had suffered more from artillery fire than the grenadiers. But as their advance mounted the ridge they found it apparently abandoned and covered with dead. Suddenly 1,500 British Foot Guards under [[Peregrine Maitland]], who had been lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery, rose and devastated them with point-blank volleys. The chasseurs deployed to answer the fire, but some 300 fell from the first volley, including Colonel Mallet and General Michel, and both battalion commanders.{{sfn|Field|2013|p=200}} A bayonet charge by the Foot Guards then broke the leaderless squares, which fell back onto the following column. The 4th Chasseurs battalion, 800 strong, now came up onto the exposed battalions of British Foot Guards, who lost all cohesion and dashed back up the slope as a disorganized crowd with the chasseurs in pursuit. At the crest the chasseurs came upon the battery that had caused severe casualties on the 1st and 2nd/3rd Chasseurs. They opened fire and swept away the gunners. The left flank of their square now came under fire from a heavy formation of British skirmishers, which the chasseurs drove back. But the skirmishers were replaced by the [[52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot|52nd Light Infantry]] ([[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Division]]), led by [[John Colborne]], which wheeled in line onto the chasseurs' flank and poured a devastating fire into them. The chasseurs returned a very sharp fire which killed or wounded some 150 men of the 52nd.{{sfn|Field|2013|pp=203}} The 52nd then charged,{{sfn|Chesney|1874|pp=214–215}}{{sfn|Parry|1900|p=70}} and under this onslaught, the chasseurs broke.{{sfn|Parry|1900|p=70}}

The last of the Guard retreated headlong. A ripple of panic passed through the French lines as the astounding news spread: "''La Garde recule. Sauve qui peut''!" ("The Guard is retreating. Every man for himself!") Wellington now stood up in [[Copenhagen (horse)|Copenhagen]]'s stirrups and waved his hat in the air to signal a general advance. His army rushed forward from the lines and threw themselves upon the retreating French.{{sfn|Chesney|1874|pp=192, 225}}{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=553–559}}

The surviving Imperial Guard rallied on their three reserve battalions (some sources say four) just south of La Haye Sainte for a [[last stand]]. A charge from [[Frederick Adam|Adam]]'s Brigade and the Hanoverian ''Landwehr'' Osnabrück Battalion, plus Vivian's and Vandeleur's relatively fresh cavalry brigades to their right, threw them into confusion. Those left in semi-cohesive units retreated towards ''La Belle Alliance''. It was during this retreat that some of the Guards were invited to surrender, eliciting the famous, if apocryphal,{{efn|1="'The Guard dies, but it does not surrender!' is another of these fictitious historical sayings. General Cambronne, to whom it is attributed, never uttered. Victor Hugo, in Les Misérables, has restored the true text. It is composed of a single word [''Merde!'']".{{harv|Masson|1869}} }} retort "''[[La Garde meurt, elle ne se rend pas!]]''" ("The Guard dies, it does not surrender!").{{sfn|White|2011}}{{efn|The reply is commonly attributed to General [[Pierre Cambronne]], originating from an attribution by the journalist Balison de Rougemont in ''Journal General'' published on 24 June 1815,{{harv|Shapiro|2006|p=128}} although Cambronne claimed he replied "''Merde!''" {{harv|Boller|1989|p=12}} However, according to letters in ''[[The Times]]'' in June 1932, Cambronne was already a prisoner of Colonel [[Hugh Halkett]], so the retort, if ever given, or in whatever form it took, may have come from [[Claude-Etienne Michel|General Michel]] instead.{{harvnb|White|2011}}, and {{harvnb|Parry|1900|p=70}}}}

==={{anchor|Capture of Plancenoit}}Prussian capture of Plancenoit===
[[File:Ludwig Elsholtz Erstürmung von Planchenois.jpg|thumb|right|The storming of Plancenoit by [[Ludwig Elsholtz]]]]
At about the same time, the Prussian 5th, 14th, and 16th Brigades were starting to push through Plancenoit, in the third assault of the day. The church was by now on fire, while its graveyard—the French centre of resistance—had corpses strewn about "as if by a whirlwind". Five Guard battalions were deployed in support of the Young Guard, virtually all of which was now committed to the defence, along with remnants of Lobau's corps. The key to the Plancenoit position proved to be the Chantelet woods to the south. Pirch's II Corps had arrived with two brigades and reinforced the attack of IV Corps, advancing through the woods.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|pp=144–145}}

The 25th Regiment's musketeer battalions threw the 1/2e Grenadiers (Old Guard) out of the Chantelet woods, outflanking Plancenoit and forcing a retreat. The Old Guard retreated in good order until they met the mass of troops retreating in panic, and became part of that rout. The Prussian IV Corps advanced beyond Plancenoit to find masses of French retreating in disorder from British pursuit. The Prussians were unable to fire for fear of hitting Wellington's units. This was the fifth and final time that Plancenoit changed hands.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|pp=144–145}}<!--This citation is paragraph inclusive.-->

French forces not retreating with the Guard were surrounded in their positions and eliminated, neither side asking for nor offering quarter. The French Young Guard Division reported 96&nbsp;per cent casualties, and two-thirds of Lobau's Corps ceased to exist.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

[[File:Ontmoeting tussen Nederlandsche en Pruisische troepen Bij Waterloo.jpg|thumb|right|The first meeting of Dutch and Prussian troops in Plancenoit in the evening]]
[[File:Cuirass holed by a canonball at Waterloo Antoine Fauveau 18Juin 1815.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Carabiniers-à-Cheval|Carabinier-à-Cheval]]'' cuirass holed by a cannonball at Waterloo, belonging to Antoine Fauveau ([[Musée de l'Armée]])]]

{{blockquote|Despite their great courage and stamina, the French Guards fighting in the village began to show signs of wavering. The church was already on fire with columns of red flame coming out of the windows, aisles and doors. In the village itself—still the scene of bitter house-to-house fighting—everything was burning, adding to the confusion. However, once Major von Witzleben's manoeuvre was accomplished and the French Guards saw their flank and rear threatened, they began to withdraw. The Guard Chasseurs under General [[Jean-Jacques Germain Pelet-Clozeau|Pelet]] formed the rearguard. The remnants of the Guard left in a great rush, leaving large masses of artillery, equipment and ammunition wagons in the wake of their retreat. The evacuation of Plancenoit led to the loss of the position that was to be used to cover the withdrawal of the French Army to Charleroi. The Guard fell back from Plancenoit in the direction of Maison du Roi and Caillou. Unlike other parts of the battlefield, there were no cries of "Sauve qui peut!" here. Instead, the cry "Sauvons nos aigles!" ("Let's save our eagles!") could be heard.|Official History of the 25th Regiment, 4 Corps{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|pp=144–145}}}}

===French disintegration===
[[File:Dernier carre de la Garde - gen Hill.png|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill|Lord Hill]] invites the last remnants of the French Imperial Guard to surrender'', painted by [[Robert Alexander Hillingford]]]]
The French right, left, and centre had all now failed.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|pp=144–145}} The last cohesive French force consisted of two battalions of the Old Guard stationed around ''La Belle Alliance''; they had been so placed to act as a final reserve and to protect Napoleon in the event of a French retreat. He hoped to rally the French army behind them,{{sfn|Kincaid|2006|p=435}} but as retreat turned into rout, they too were forced to withdraw, one on either side of ''La Belle Alliance'', in square as protection against Coalition cavalry. Until persuaded that the battle was lost and he should leave, Napoleon commanded the square to the left of the inn.{{sfn|Creasy|1877|loc=[http://www.standin.se/fifteen15a.htm Chapter XV]}}{{sfn|Comte d'Erlon|1815|loc=}} Adam's Brigade charged and forced back this square,{{sfn|Parry|1900|p=70}}{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=149}} while the Prussians engaged the other.

As dusk fell, both squares withdrew in relatively good order, but the French artillery and everything else fell into the hands of the Prussian and Anglo-allied armies. The retreating Guards were surrounded by thousands of fleeing, broken French troops. Coalition cavalry harried the fugitives until about 23:00, with Gneisenau pursuing them as far as Genappe before ordering a halt. There, Napoleon's abandoned carriage was captured, still containing [[s:The Annotated Prince|an annotated copy]] of [[Machiavelli]]'s ''[[The Prince]]'', and diamonds left behind in the rush to escape. These diamonds became part of King Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia's crown jewels; one Major Keller of the F/15th received the [[Pour le Mérite]] with oak leaves for the feat.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=151}} By this time 78&nbsp;guns and 2,000&nbsp;prisoners had also been taken, including more generals.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=150}}

{{blockquote|There remained to us still four squares of the Old Guard to protect the retreat. These brave grenadiers, the choice of the army, forced successively to retire, yielded ground foot by foot, till, overwhelmed by numbers, they were almost entirely annihilated. From that moment, a retrograde movement was declared, and the army formed nothing but a confused mass. There was not, however, a total rout, nor the cry of ''sauve qui peut'', as has been calumniously stated in the bulletin.|Marshal M. Ney.{{sfn|Booth|1815|p=74}}}}

{{blockquote|In the middle of the position occupied by the French army, and exactly upon the height, is a farm {{sic}}, called ''La Belle Alliance''. The march of all the Prussian columns was directed towards this farm, which was visible from every side. It was there that Napoleon was during the battle; it was thence that he gave his orders, that he flattered himself with the hopes of victory; and it was there that his ruin was decided. There, too, it was that, by happy chance, Field Marshal Blücher and Lord Wellington met in the dark, and mutually saluted each other as victors.|General Gneisenau.{{sfn|Booth|1815|p=23}}}}

Other sources agree that the meeting of the commanders took place near ''La Belle Alliance'', with this occurring at around 21:00.{{sfn|Davies|2012|p=244}}{{sfn|Corrigan|2006|p=327}}