Editing Battle of Culloden (section)

==Battle==
[[File:Culloden House (old).jpg|thumb|left|Culloden House, in 1746, where the Jacobite leader Charles Edward Stuart had his headquarters and lodgings in the days leading up to the Battle of Culloden]]

After the abortive night attack, the Jacobites formed up in substantially the same battle order as the previous day, the Highland regiments forming the first line. They faced north-east over common grazing land, with the [[River Nairn]] about 1&nbsp;km to their right.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=69}} Their left wing, anchored on the Culloden Park walls, was nominally led by James Drummond, titular Duke of Perth, while his brother John commanded the centre. The right wing, flanked by the Culwhiniac enclosure walls, was led by Murray. Behind them, the conventionally trained [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowland]] regiments were drawn up in accordance with French practice. During the morning, heavy snow and rain saturated  the already wet ground, although the weather cleared just before the battle started.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=65}}

Cumberland's army left their encampment by {{nowrap|5 am}}, leaving the main Inverness road and marching across country. By {{nowrap|10 am}}, the Jacobites finally saw them approaching at a distance of around {{nowrap|4 km}}. At {{nowrap|3 km}} from the Jacobite position, Cumberland gave the order to form line, and the army marched forward in full battle order.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=79}} John Daniel, an Englishman serving with Charles's army, recorded that on seeing the government troops the Jacobites began calling out insults, but without response.{{sfn|Blaikie|1916|p=[https://archive.org/details/originsoffortyfi00blai/page/213 213]}} Once within 500 metres, Cumberland moved his artillery up through the ranks.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=79}}

[[File:Battle of Culloden (map 02).svg|thumb|right|Battle lines at Culloden, including initial redeployments by both Charles and Cumberland]]

As his troops formed up, it became clear Cumberland's right flank was exposed, and so he moved additional units up to reinforce it.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=83}} Meanwhile, Sullivan ordered two battalions of Lord Lewis Gordon's regiment to cover the walls at Culwhiniac against a possible flank attack, while Murray shifted the right wing slightly forward. Since these alterations had the unintended result of skewing the Jacobite line and opening gaps, Sullivan transferred the Edinburgh Regiment, along with those of Perth and [[John Gordon of Glenbucket|Glenbucket]], from the second line into the first. This meant the Jacobite front rank now substantially outnumbered that of Cumberland, but depleted their reserve, and increased their reliance on a successful initial attack.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=85}}

===Artillery exchange===
At approximately 1&nbsp;pm, Finlayson's Jacobite batteries opened fire; possibly in response to Cumberland sending forward [[George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle|Lord Bury]] to within 100 m of the Jacobite lines to "ascertain the strength of their battery".{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=86}} The government artillery responded shortly afterwards. Some later Jacobite memoirs suggest that their troops were then subjected to artillery bombardment for 30 minutes or more while Charles delayed an advance, but government accounts suggest a much shorter exchange before the Jacobites attacked. Campbell of Airds, in the rear, timed it at 9 minutes, but Cumberland's aide-de-camp Yorke suggested only 2 or 3 minutes.<ref name="Pollard 2009 loc. 2128">{{cite book |editor-last=Pollard |editor-first=Tony  |title=Culloden |publisher=Pen and Sword (Kindle ed)|date=2009 |page=loc. 2128}}</ref>

The duration implies that the government artillery is unlikely to have fired more than thirty rounds at extreme range: statistical analysis concludes that would have caused only 20–30 Jacobite casualties at that stage, rather than the hundreds suggested by some accounts.<ref name="Pollard 2009 loc. 2128"/>

===Jacobite advance===
Shortly after 1 pm, Charles issued an order to advance, which Colonel Harry Kerr of Graden first took to Perth's regiment, on the extreme left. He then rode down the Jacobite line giving orders to each regiment in turn. [[Seven Men of Moidart#Sir John MacDonald|Sir John MacDonald]] and Brigadier Stapleton were also sent forward to repeat the order.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=87}} As the Jacobites left their lines, the government gunners switched to [[canister shot]], which was augmented by fire from the [[Coehorn]] mortars situated behind the government front line. As there was no need for careful aiming when canister was used, the rate of fire increased dramatically, and the Jacobites found themselves advancing into heavy fire.{{sfn|Pittock|2016|p=86}}

On the Jacobite right, the [[Atholl]] Brigade, Lochiel's and the Appin Regiment left their start positions and charged towards Barrell's and Munro's regiments. Within a few hundred yards, however, the centre regiments, Lady Mackintosh's and Lovat's, had begun to swerve rightwards to try to avoid canister fire or to follow the firmer ground along the road running diagonally across Drummossie Moor. The five regiments became entangled as a single mass, converging on the government left. The confusion was worsened when the three largest regiments lost their commanding officers, all at the front of the advance: MacGillivray and MacBean of Lady Mackintosh's both went down; Inverallochie of Lovat's fell and Lochiel had his ankles broken by canister within a few yards of the government lines.

The Jacobite left, by contrast, advanced much more slowly, hampered by boggy ground and by having several hundred yards further to cover. According to the account of [[Andrew Henderson (writer)|Andrew Henderson]], Lord John Drummond walked across the front of the Jacobite lines to try and tempt the government infantry into firing early, but they maintained their discipline. The three MacDonald regiments (Keppoch's, Clanranald's and Glengarry's) stalled before resorting to ineffectual long-range musket fire. They also lost senior officers, as Clanranald was wounded and Keppoch killed. The smaller units on their right (Maclachlan's Regiment and Chisholm's and Monaltrie's battalions) advanced into an area swept by artillery fire and suffered heavy losses before falling back.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===Engagement of government left wing===
[[File:Bayonet drill (Culloden comparison).svg|thumb|left|[[Bayonet]] drill innovation said to have been developed to counter the "[[Highland charge]]". Each soldier would thrust at the enemy on his right – rather than the one straight ahead – in order to bypass the ''[[targe]]'' of Highlanders.{{sfn|Reid|1996b|pp=9, 56–58}}]]

As it charged, the Jacobite right was hit hard by a volley at nearly point-blank range, but many of its men still reached the government lines. The brunt of the Jacobite impact, led by Lochiel's regiment, was taken by only two government regiments: [[4th Regiment of Foot|Barrell's 4th Foot]] and [[37th Regiment of Foot|Dejean's 37th Foot]]. Barrell's lost 17 killed and suffered 108 wounded, out of a total of 373 officers and men. Dejean's lost 14 killed and had 68 wounded, with the unit's left wing taking a disproportionately higher number of casualties. Barrell's regiment temporarily lost one of its two [[regimental colours|colours]].{{efn|An unknown British Army corporal's description of the charge into the government's left wing: "When we saw them coming towards us in great Haste and Fury, we fired at about 50&nbsp;Yards Distance, which made Hundreds fall<!--does the original really say this twice?-->; notwithstanding which, they were so numerous, that they still advanced, and were almost upon us before we had loaden again. We immediately gave them another full Fire and the Front Rank charged their Bayonets Breast high, and the Center and Rear Ranks kept up a continual Firing, which, in half an Hour's Time, routed their whole Army. Only Barrel's Regiment and ours was engaged, the Rebels designing to break or flank us but our Fire was so hot, most of us having discharged nine Shot each, that they were disappointed".{{sfn|Reid|1996b|pp=9, 56–58}}|group=note}} 

[[John Huske]], commanding the government second line, quickly organised a [[counterattack]] by Lord Sempill's Fourth Brigade, comprising 1,078 men from the [[25th Regiment of Foot|25th]], [[48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot|59th]], and [[8th Regiment of Foot]]. He also instructed the [[20th Regiment of Foot|20th Foot]] to take up position between the 25th and 37th, leaving the Jacobite right surrounded on three sides by five battalions.{{sfn|Reid|2002|pp=68–72}}{{efn|"Poor Barrell's regiment were sorely pressed by those desperadoes and outflanked. One stand of their [[regimental colours|colours]] was taken; [[Sir Robert Rich, 5th Baronet|Collonel Riches]] hand cutt off in their defence&nbsp;... We marched up to the enemy, and our left, [[Flanking maneuver|outflanking]] them, wheeled in upon them; the whole then gave them 5 or 6 fires with vast execution, while their front had nothing left to oppose us, but their pistolls and broadswords; and fire from their center and rear, (as, by this time, they were 20 or 30 deep) was vastly more fatal to themselves, than us"|Captain-Lieutenant James Ashe Lee of [[8th Regiment of Foot|Wolfe's 8th Foot]]{{sfn|Reid|2002|p=72}}}}

[[File:The Well of the Dead, Culloden Moor - geograph.org.uk - 494157.jpg|thumb|right|The Well of the Dead; modern remains of the park wall on the Jacobite right]]

With the Jacobite left under Perth failing to advance further, Cumberland ordered two troops of [[10th Royal Hussars|Cobham's 10th Dragoons]] to ride them down. The boggy ground, however, impeded the cavalry, and they turned to engage the Irish Picquets whom Sullivan and Lord John Drummond had brought up in an attempt to stabilise the deteriorating Jacobite left flank. Cumberland later wrote: "They came running on in their wild manner, and upon the right where I had placed myself, imagining the greatest push would be there, they came down there several times within a hundred yards of our men, firing their pistols and brandishing their swords, but the Royal Scots and Pulteneys hardly took their fire-locks from their shoulders, so that after those faint attempts they made off; and the little squadrons on our right were sent to pursue them".{{sfn|Roberts|2002|p=173}}{{sfn|Reid|2002|pp=72–80}}

===Jacobite collapse and rout===
With the collapse of the left wing, Murray brought up the [[Royal Scots (Jacobite)|''Royal Écossais'']] and Kilmarnock's Footguards, who were still unengaged, but when they had been brought into position, the Jacobite first line had been [[rout]]ed. The ''Royal Écossais'' exchanged musket fire with [[Royal Scots Fusiliers|Campbell's 21st]] and commenced an orderly retreat, moving along the Culwhiniac enclosure to shield themselves from artillery fire. Immediately, the half battalion of Highland militia, commanded by Captain Colin Campbell of Ballimore, which had stood inside the enclosure ambushed them. In the encounter, Campbell of Ballimore was killed along with five of his men. The result was that the ''Royal Écossais'' and Kilmarnock's Footguards were forced out into the open moor and were engaged by three squadrons of Kerr's 11th Dragoons. 

The Irish Picquets under Stapleton bravely covered the Highlanders' retreat from the battlefield, preventing the fleeing Jacobites from suffering heavy casualties. That action cost half of the 100 casualties that they suffered in the battle.{{sfn|McGarry|2013|p=122}} The ''Royal Écossais'' appear to have retired from the field in two wings; one part surrendered after suffering 50 killed or wounded, but their colours were not taken and a large number retired from the field with the Jacobite Lowland regiments.<ref name="PH1991-8085"/> A few Highland regiments also withdrew in good order, unhindered by the government cavalry.<ref>Pittock (2016) p. 95</ref>

[[File:Jacobite standard (no9).svg|thumb|One of at least fourteen [[historical colours, standards and guidons|standards or colours]] recorded as captured by government forces at the battle.<ref>Reid (2006), p. 16.</ref> That and a similar blue [[saltire]] may have been used by the Atholl Brigade.<ref>Reid (2002), p. 93.</ref>]]
The stand by the French regulars gave Charles and other senior officers time to escape. Charles seems to have been rallying Perth's and Glenbucket's regiments when Sullivan rode up to Captain Shea, commander of his bodyguard, and ordered him to take the Prince away. {{efn|"Yu see all is going to pot. Yu can be of no great succor, so before a general deroute wch will soon be, Seize upon the Prince & take him off&nbsp;...".<ref name="PH1991-8085"/>}} Charles reportedly called for a final charge into the government lines,<ref>Pittock (2016) p. 134</ref> but Shea led him from the field.

From that point onward, the fleeing Jacobite forces were split into several groups: the Lowland regiments retired southwards, making their way to [[Ruthven Barracks]], and the remains of the Jacobite right wing also retired southwards. The MacDonald and the other Highland left-wing regiments, however, were cut off by the government cavalry and were forced to retreat down the road to Inverness. The result was that they were a clear target for government dragoons. Major-General [[Humphrey Bland]] led the pursuit of the fleeing Highlanders, giving "[[no quarter|Quarter to None]] but about Fifty French Officers and Soldiers".<ref name="PH1991-8085">Reid (2002), pp. 80–85.</ref>

===Conclusion: casualties and prisoners===
Jacobite [[casualty (person)|casualties]] are estimated at between 1,500 and 2,000 killed or wounded, with many of them occurring in the pursuit after the battle.<ref name="SR2002-8587">Pittock (2016).</ref><ref name="PH1991-83">Harrington (1991), p. 83.</ref> Cumberland's official list of prisoners taken includes 154 Jacobites and 222 "French" prisoners (men from the "foreign units" in the French service). Added to the official list of those apprehended were 172 of the Earl of Cromartie's men, captured after a [[Battle of Littleferry|brief engagement the day before]] near [[Littleferry]].

In striking contrast to the Jacobite losses, the government losses were reported as 50 dead and 259 wounded. Of the 438 men of Barrell's 4th Foot, 17 were killed and 104 were wounded. However, a large proportion of those recorded as wounded are likely to have died of their wounds. Only 29 men out of the 104 wounded from Barrell's 4th Foot later survived to claim pensions, and all six of the artillerymen recorded as wounded later died.<ref name="SR2002-8587"/>

Several senior Jacobite commanding officers were casualties, including [[Alexander Macdonald, 17th of Keppoch|Keppoch]]; [[William Drummond, 4th Viscount Strathallan|Viscount Strathallan]]; Commissary-General Lachlan Maclachlan; and Walter Stapleton, who died of wounds shortly after the battle. Others, including [[William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock|Kilmarnock]], were captured. The only high-ranking government officer casualty was [[Lord Robert Kerr]], the son of [[William Kerr, 3rd Marquess of Lothian]]. [[Sir Robert Rich, 5th Baronet]], who was a lieutenant-colonel and the senior officer commanding Barrell's 4th Foot, was badly wounded, losing his left hand and receiving several wounds to his head. A number of captains and lieutenants had also been wounded.