Editing Battery Park City (section)

=== Construction and early development ===
During the late-1970s and early-1980s, the site hosted Creative Time's landmark Art on the Beach sculpture exhibitions.<ref name="beach">{{cite web |url=https://archinect.com/news/article/150142775/manhattan-s-battery-park-was-once-a-surreal-beachfront |title=Manhattan's Battery Park was once a surreal beachfront |last=Reiner-Roth |first=Shane |date=June 23, 2019 |website=Archinect |access-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728030237/https://archinect.com/news/article/150142775/manhattan-s-battery-park-was-once-a-surreal-beachfront |archive-date=July 28, 2020}}</ref> On September 23, 1979, the landfill was the site of an [[List of anti-nuclear protests in the United States|anti-nuclear rally]] attended by 200,000 people.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first=Robin |last=Herman |title=Nearly 200,000 Rally to Protest Nuclear Energy |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=B1 |date=September 24, 1979 }}</ref>

In 1978, a temporary heliport operated by the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] opened at the southern end of the landfill and was initially used by [[New York Airways]] helicopters providing scheduled service to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|Kennedy]], [[LaGuardia Airport|LaGuardia]] and [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]] airports.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Robert McG. Jr. |date=January 18, 1978 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/18/archives/heliport-is-sought-for-battery-park-city.html |title=Heliport Is Sought for Battery Park City |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 7, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lichtenstein |first=Grace |date=April 13, 1978 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/13/archives/helicopter-service-to-trade-center-starts-certification-expected-in.html |title=Helicopter Service to Trade Center Starts |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 7, 2024}}</ref> The helicopter landing pad later accommodated flights diverted from the [[Downtown Manhattan Heliport]] while that facility was closed for reconstruction from 1983 to 1987.<ref>{{cite news |last=Incantalupo |first=Tom |date=March 10, 1986 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-new-york-whirls/158585413/ |title=New York Whirls To Work |work=Newsday |access-date=November 7, 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 28, 1987 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-record-manhattan-heliport-christened/158585326/ |title=Manhattan Heliport Christened |work=The Record |access-date=November 7, 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The Battery Park City Heliport was located on the south side of the future site of the [[Museum of Jewish Heritage]].<ref>{{cite news |date=September 4, 1986 |title=Manhattan Neighborhoods |work=Newsday |id={{ProQuest|285427178}}}}</ref>

Construction began on the first residential building in June 1980.<ref name="surprisingly" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/05/16/archives/construction-of-battery-park-city-is-now-scheduled-to-begin-in-june.html|title=Construction of Battery Park City Is Now Scheduled to Begin in June; Construction to Start June 3|last=Goodwin|first=Michael|date=May 16, 1980|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 23, 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726010505/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/05/16/archives/construction-of-battery-park-city-is-now-scheduled-to-begin-in-june.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="landfill" /> In April 1981, the New York State Urban Development Corporation (now the [[Empire State Development Corporation]]) issued a [[request for proposal]], ultimately selecting six real-estate companies to develop over 1,800 residential units.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/19/nyregion/6-builders-chosen-for-housing-at-battery-park-city.html|title=6 BUILDERS CHOSEN FOR HOUSING AT BATTERY PARK CITY|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|date=August 19, 1981|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 23, 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701160341/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/19/nyregion/6-builders-chosen-for-housing-at-battery-park-city.html?|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, the [[Brookfield Place (New York City)|World Financial Center]] started construction; [[Olympia and York]] of [[Toronto]] was named as the developer for the World Financial Center, who then hired [[Cesar Pelli]] as the lead architect. By 1985, construction was completed and the World Financial Center (later renamed Brookfield Place New York)<ref name="landfill" /> saw its first tenants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/nyregion/battery-project-reflects-changing-city-priorities.html|title=BATTERY PROJECT REFLECTS CHANGING CITY PRIORITIES|last=Gottlieb|first=Martin|date=October 18, 1985|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 23, 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323143129/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/nyregion/battery-project-reflects-changing-city-priorities.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The newly completed development was lauded by ''The New York Times'' as "a triumph of urban design",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/31/arts/architecture-view-battery-park-city-is-a-triumph-of-urban-design.html|title=ARCHITECTURE VIEW; BATTERY PARK CITY IS A TRIUMPH OF URBAN DESIGN|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|date=August 31, 1986|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 23, 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323143652/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/31/arts/architecture-view-battery-park-city-is-a-triumph-of-urban-design.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with the World Financial Center being deemed "a symbol of change".<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Battery Park City North Cove.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[North Cove Marina|North Cove Yacht Harbor]], next to the [[Brookfield Place (New York City)|World Financial Center]]]]
During early construction, two acres of land in the southern section of the Battery Park landfill was used by artist [[Agnes Denes]] to plant wheat in an exhibition titled ''[[Wheatfield — A Confrontation|Wheatfield – A Confrontation]]''.<ref>[[Agnes Denes|Denes, Agnes]] (c.2006) [http://greenmuseum.org/c/aen/Images/Ecology/wheatfield.php "Wheatfield - A Confrontation, Battery Park Landfill, downtown Manhattan, 2 acres of wheat planted & harvested, summer 1982"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131032203/http://www.greenmuseum.org/c/aen/Images/Ecology/wheatfield.php |date=January 31, 2016 }} greenmuseum.org</ref> The project was a visual contradiction: a golden field of wheat set among the steel skyscrapers of downtown Manhattan.<ref>Krug, Don. (c.2006) [http://greenmuseum.org/c/aen/Issues/denes.php "Ecological Restoration: Agnes Denes, ''Wheatfield''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908172116/http://greenmuseum.org/c/aen/Issues/denes.php |date=September 8, 2016 }} greenmuseum.org</ref> It was created during a six-month period in the spring, summer, and fall of 1982 when Denes, with the support of the [[Public Art Fund]], planted the field of wheat on rubble-strewn land near [[Wall Street]] and the [[World Trade Center site]]. Denes stated that her "decision to plant a wheatfield in Manhattan, instead of designing just another public sculpture, grew out of a long-standing concern and need to call attention to our misplaced priorities and deteriorating human values."<ref>Oakes, B. (1995). ''Sculpting with the Environment: A Natural Dialogue''. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p.168</ref>

Throughout the 1980s, the BPCA oversaw a great deal of construction, including the entire [[Rector Place]] neighborhood and the river esplanade. It was during that period that [[Amanda Burden]], later City Planning Department Director in the Bloomberg administration, worked on Battery Park City. During the 1980s, a total of 13 buildings were constructed. The [[Vietnam Veterans Plaza]] was established by [[Edward I. Koch]] in 1985.<ref name="Vietnam Veterans Plaza">{{cite web|url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/vietnamveteransplaza/history|title=Vietnam Veterans Plaza|publisher=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation|access-date=February 14, 2014|archive-date=June 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609113656/http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/vietnamveteransplaza/history|url-status=live}}</ref> Constructed at a cost of $150&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|150|1992|fmt=c|r=-1}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) and with a capacity for 2,700 students, Battery Park City became the new home of the [[Stuyvesant High School]] in 1992.<ref>[[Robert D. McFadden|McFadden, Robert D.]]; and Shapiro, Eben. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/08/nyregion/finally-facade-fit-stuyvesant-high-school-high-achievers-gets-high-priced-home.html "Finally, a Facade to Fit Stuyvesant; A High School of High Achievers Gets a High-Priced Home"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526053208/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/08/nyregion/finally-facade-fit-stuyvesant-high-school-high-achievers-gets-high-priced-home.html |date=May 26, 2015 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 8, 1992. Accessed December 30, 2023. "Tomorrow, as the 1992-93 school year begins, a reincarnated Stuyvesant High opens across Manhattan at Battery Park City for 2,700 students and 103 faculty members: a new, lavishly appointed, 10-story future school with state-of-the-art computers and 12 science labs, Art Deco lights, five gyms, an Olympic-sized pool, banks of escalators, glassed-in studios, an auditorium worthy of Broadway and stunning Hudson River views from the classrooms. In an era of tight finances, New York City -- which has budgeted $7 billion this year for the education of one million students in 991 schools -- paid $150 million for Stuyvesant, its first new high school in a decade, the costliest ever built in the city and perhaps in the country."</ref> During the 1990s, an additional six buildings were added to the neighborhood. By the turn of the 21st century, Battery Park City was mostly completed, with the exception of some ongoing construction on West Street.

Initially, in the 1980s, 23 buildings were built in the area. By the 1990s, 9 more buildings were built, followed by the construction of 11 buildings in the 2000s and 3 buildings in the 2010s.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070501110221/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ne?id=100010 Emporis NYC Districts and Zones: Battery Park City<!-- Bot generated title -->]}}</ref> The Battery Park City Authority, wishing to attract more middle-class residents, started providing subsidies in 1998 to households whose annual incomes were $108,000 or less.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/24/nyregion/battery-park-city-to-give-middle-income-renters-a-break.html|title=Battery Park City to Give Middle-Income Renters a Break|last=Pristin|first=Terry|date=March 24, 1998|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 23, 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323143808/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/24/nyregion/battery-park-city-to-give-middle-income-renters-a-break.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of the decade, nearly the entire landfill had been developed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/07/realestate/filling-in-the-blanks-at-battery-park-city.html|title=Filling in the Blanks At Battery Park City|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|date=February 7, 1999|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 23, 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323143622/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/07/realestate/filling-in-the-blanks-at-battery-park-city.html|url-status=live}}</ref>