Editing Bali (section)

=== Dutch East Indies ===
{{See also|Dutch East Indies}}
[[File:1906 Puputan monument in Denpasar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Puputan]] monument|left]]
In 1597, the Dutch merchant-explorer [[Cornelis de Houtman]] arrived at Bali, and the [[Dutch East India Company]] was established in 1602. The Dutch government expanded its control across the Indonesian archipelago during the second half of the 19th century. Dutch political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast when the Dutch pitted various competing Balinese realms against each other.<ref name="ctpqur" /> In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms on the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control.

In June 1860, the famous Welsh naturalist, [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], travelled to Bali from [[British Singapore|Singapore]], landing at [[Buleleng, Bali|Buleleng]] on the north coast of the island. Wallace's trip to Bali was instrumental in helping him devise his [[Wallace Line]] theory. The Wallace Line is a faunal boundary that runs through the strait between Bali and [[Lombok]]. It is a boundary between species. In his travel memoir ''[[The Malay Archipelago]],'' Wallace wrote of his experience in Bali, which has a strong mention of the [[Subak (irrigation)|unique Balinese irrigation methods]]:

<blockquote>I was astonished and delighted; as my visit to Java was some years later, I had never beheld so beautiful and well-cultivated a district out of Europe. A slightly undulating plain extends from the seacoast about {{convert|10|or|12|mi|km|spell=in|abbr=off}} inland, where it is bounded by a fine range of wooded and cultivated hills. Houses and villages, marked out by dense clumps of [[coconut palms]], [[tamarind]] and other fruit trees, are dotted about in every direction; while between them extend luxurious rice grounds, watered by an elaborate system of irrigation that would be the pride of the best-cultivated parts of Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|title=The Malay Archipelago|year=1869|isbn=978-0-7946-0563-6|page=116|publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Limited }}</ref> </blockquote>

The Dutch mounted large naval and ground [[Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)|assaults at the Sanur region]] in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who rather than yield to the superior Dutch force committed ritual suicide (''[[puputan]]'') to avoid the humiliation of surrender.<ref name="ctpqur" /> Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese killed themselves rather than surrender.<ref>[[#Haer|Haer]], p. 38.</ref> In the [[Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)|Dutch intervention in Bali]], a similar mass suicide occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in [[Klungkung]]. Afterwards, the Dutch governours exercised administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]].

In the 1930s, anthropologists [[Margaret Mead]] and [[Gregory Bateson]], artists [[Miguel Covarrubias]] and [[Walter Spies]], and musicologist [[Colin McPhee]] all spent time here. Their accounts of the island and its peoples created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of [[aesthetes]] at peace with themselves and nature". Soon after, Western tourists began to visit the island.<ref name=Friend>Friend, Theodore. ''Indonesian Destinies'', Harvard University Press, 2003 {{ISBN|0-674-01137-6}}, p. 111.</ref> The sensuous image of Bali was enhanced in the West by a quasi-pornographic 1932 documentary ''Virgins of Bali'' about a day in the lives of two teenage Balinese girls who the film's narrator Deane Dickason notes in the first scene "bathe their shamelessly nude bronze bodies".<ref name=doherty>Doherty, Thomas ''Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934'', New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. {{isbn| 0231110952}}</ref>{{rp|134}} Under the looser version of the [[Hays code]] that existed up to 1934, nudity involving "civilised" (i.e., white) women was banned, but permitted with "uncivilised" (i.e., all non-white women), a loophole that was exploited by the producers of ''Virgins of Bali''.<ref name=doherty/>{{rp|133}}  The film, which mostly consisted of scenes of topless Balinese women, was a great success in 1932, and was perhaps the main catalyst for the popularity of Bali among tourists.<ref name=doherty/>{{rp|135}} The Dutch also efforts to implement ''[[Baliseering]]'' ('Balinization') politics to maintain traditions on the island.

[[Imperial Japan]] occupied Bali during World War II. It was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign; however, as the airfields on [[Borneo]] were inoperative due to heavy rains, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]] (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps ''Prajoda'' (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under the command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942, the Japanese forces landed near the town of Sanoer (Sanur) and the island was quickly captured.<ref>{{cite web |author= Klemen, L |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/bali.html |title= The Capture of Bali Island, February 1942 |date= 1999–2000 |work= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |access-date= 30 March 2021 |archive-date= 25 March 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120325051425/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/bali.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, [[I Gusti Ngurah Rai]], formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The harsh treatment of the Balinese by the Japanese occupation forces fomented more resentment had the former Dutch colonial rulers.<ref>[[#Haer|Haer]], pp.&nbsp;39–40.</ref>