Editing Bactericide (section)

==Surfaces==
Material surfaces can exhibit bactericidal properties because of their crystallographic surface structure.

Somewhere in the mid-2000s it was shown that metallic [[nanoparticle]]s can kill bacteria. The effect of a [[silver nanoparticle]] for example depends on its size with a preferential diameter of about 1&ndash;10&nbsp;nm to interact with bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morones |first1=Jose Ruben |last2=Elechiguerra |first2=Jose Luis |last3=Camacho |first3=Alejandra |last4=Holt |first4=Katherine |last5=Kouri |first5=Juan B |last6=Ramírez |first6=Jose Tapia |last7=Yacaman |first7=Miguel Jose |date=2005-10-01 |title=The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles |journal=Nanotechnology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=2346–2353 |doi=10.1088/0957-4484/16/10/059 |pmid=20818017 |bibcode=2005Nanot..16.2346R |issn=0957-4484}}</ref>

In 2013, [[cicada]] wings were found to have a selective anti-gram-negative bactericidal effect based on their physical surface structure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Jafar |last2=Webb |first2=Hayden K. |last3=Truong |first3=Vi Khanh |last4=Pogodin |first4=Sergey |last5=Baulin |first5=Vladimir A. |last6=Watson |first6=Gregory S. |last7=Watson |first7=Jolanta A. |last8=Crawford |first8=Russell J. |last9=Ivanova |first9=Elena P. |date=October 2013 |title=Selective bactericidal activity of nanopatterned superhydrophobic cicada Psaltoda claripennis wing surfaces |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |language=en |volume=97 |issue=20 |pages=9257–9262 |doi=10.1007/s00253-012-4628-5 |pmid=23250225 |s2cid=16568909 |issn=0175-7598}}</ref> Mechanical deformation of the more or less rigid [[nanopillar]]s found on the wing releases energy, striking and killing bacteria within minutes, hence called a mechano-bactericidal effect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ivanova |first1=Elena P. |last2=Linklater |first2=Denver P. |last3=Werner |first3=Marco |last4=Baulin |first4=Vladimir A. |last5=Xu |first5=XiuMei |last6=Vrancken |first6=Nandi |last7=Rubanov |first7=Sergey |last8=Hanssen |first8=Eric |last9=Wandiyanto |first9=Jason |last10=Truong |first10=Vi Khanh |last11=Elbourne |first11=Aaron |date=2020-06-09 |title=The multi-faceted mechano-bactericidal mechanism of nanostructured surfaces |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=117 |issue=23 |pages=12598–12605 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1916680117 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=32457154|pmc=7293705 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11712598I }}</ref>

In 2020 researchers combined cationic polymer adsorption and femtosecond laser surface structuring to generate a bactericidal effect against both gram-positive ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' and gram-negative ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' bacteria on [[borosilicate glass]] surfaces, providing a practical platform for the study of the bacteria-surface interaction.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Chen |first1=C. |last2=Enrico |first2=A. |display-authors=etal| title = Bactericidal surfaces prepared by femtosecond laser patterning and layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte coating | doi=10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.107 | journal = Journal of Colloid and Interface Science| volume = 575 | pages = 286–297 | year = 2020 |pmid=32380320 |bibcode=2020JCIS..575..286C | doi-access = free }}</ref>