Editing Arthur Schopenhauer (section)

== Later life ==
[[File:Arthur Shopengauer by Gennadij Jerszow.jpg|thumb|upright|Sculpture of Arthur Schopenhauer by [[Giennadij Jerszow]]]]
After his trying in academia, he continued to travel extensively, visiting [[Leipzig]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Stuttgart]], [[Schaffhausen]], [[Vevey]], Milan and spending eight months in Florence.{{r|Cartwright|p=411}} Before he left for his three-year travel, Schopenhauer had an incident with his Berlin neighbor, 47-year-old seamstress Caroline Louise Marquet. The details of the August 1821 incident are unknown. He claimed that he had just pushed her from his entrance after she had rudely refused to leave, and that she had purposely fallen to the ground so that she could sue him. She claimed that he had attacked her so violently that she had become paralyzed on her right side and unable to work. She immediately sued him, and the process lasted until May 1827, when a court found Schopenhauer guilty and forced him to pay her an annual pension until her death in 1842.{{r|Cartwright|p=408–411}}

Schopenhauer enjoyed Italy, where he studied art and socialized with Italian and English nobles.{{r|Cartwright|p=411–414}} It was his last visit to the country. He left for [[Munich]] and stayed there for a year, mostly recuperating from various health issues, some of them possibly caused by venereal diseases (the treatment his doctor used suggests [[syphilis]]).{{r|Cartwright|p=415}} He contacted publishers, offering to translate Hume into German and Kant into English, but his proposals were declined.{{r|Cartwright|p=417,422}} Returning to Berlin, he began to study Spanish so he could read some of his favorite authors in their original language. He liked [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]], [[Lope de Vega]], [[Miguel de Cervantes]], and especially [[Baltasar Gracián]].{{r|Cartwright|p=420}} He also made failed attempts to publish his translations of their works. A few attempts to revive his lectures—again scheduled at the same time as Hegel's—also failed, as did his inquiries about relocating to other universities.{{r|Cartwright|p=429–432}}

During his Berlin years, Schopenhauer occasionally mentioned his desire to marry and have a family.{{r|Cartwright|p=404,432}} For a while he was unsuccessfully courting 17-year-old Flora Weiss, who was 22 years younger than himself.{{r|Cartwright|p=433}} His unpublished writings from that time show that he was already very critical of [[monogamy]] but still not advocating [[polygyny]]—instead musing about a [[Polyamory|polyamorous]] relationship that he called "tetragamy".{{r|Cartwright|p=404–408}} He had an on-and-off relationship with a young dancer, [[Caroline Medon|Caroline Richter]] (she also used the surname Medon after one of her ex-lovers).{{r|Cartwright|p=403}} They met when he was 33 and she was 19 and working at the Berlin Opera. She had already had numerous lovers and a son out of wedlock, and later gave birth to another son, this time to an unnamed foreign diplomat (she soon had another pregnancy but the child was stillborn).{{r|Cartwright|p=403–404}} As Schopenhauer was preparing to escape from Berlin in 1831, due to a [[cholera]] epidemic, he offered to take her with him on the condition that she left her young son behind.{{r|Cartwright|p=404}} She refused and he went alone; in his will he left her a significant sum of money, but insisted that it should not be spent in any way on her second son.{{r|Cartwright|p=404}}

Schopenhauer claimed that, in his last year in Berlin, he had a [[wikt:premonition|prophetic dream]] that urged him to escape from the city.{{r|Cartwright|p=436}} As he arrived in his new home in [[Frankfurt]], he supposedly had another [[Supernatural|supernatural experience]], an apparition of his dead father and his mother, who was still alive.{{r|Cartwright|p=436}} This experience led him to spend some time investigating [[paranormal]] phenomena and [[Magic (supernatural)|magic]]. He was quite critical of the available studies and claimed that they were mostly ignorant or fraudulent, but he did believe that there are authentic cases of such phenomena and tried to explain them through his metaphysics as manifestations of the will.{{r|Cartwright|p=437–452}}

Upon his arrival in Frankfurt, he experienced a period of depression and declining health.{{r|Cartwright|p=454}} He renewed his correspondence with his mother, and she seemed concerned that he might commit suicide like his father.{{r|Cartwright|p=454–457}} By now Johanna and Adele were living very modestly. Johanna's writing did not bring her much income, and her popularity was waning.{{r|Cartwright|p=458}} Their correspondence remained reserved, and Arthur seemed undisturbed by her death in 1838.{{r|Cartwright|p=460}} His relationship with his sister grew closer and he corresponded with her until she died in 1849.{{r|Cartwright|p=463}}

In July 1832, Schopenhauer left Frankfurt for [[Mannheim]] but returned in July 1833 to remain there for the rest of his life, except for a few short journeys.{{r|Cartwright|p=464}} He lived alone except for a succession of pet [[poodle]]s named [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] and Butz. In 1836, he published ''On the Will in Nature''. In 1838, he sent his essay "[[On the Freedom of the Will]]" to the contest of the [[Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters|Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences]] in 1838 and won the prize in 1839. He sent another essay, "[[On the Basis of Morality]]", to the [[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters|Royal Danish Society of Sciences]] in 1839, but did not win the (1840) prize despite being the only contestant.<ref>{{harvnb|Schopenhauer|2010|pages=xxviii, xxxix}}</ref> The Society was appalled that several distinguished contemporary philosophers were mentioned in a very offensive manner, and claimed that the essay missed the point of the set topic and that the arguments were inadequate.{{r|Cartwright|p=483}} Schopenhauer, who had been very confident that he would win, was enraged by this rejection. He published both essays as ''The Two Basic Problems of Ethics''. The first edition, published September 1840 but with an 1841 date, again failed to draw attention to his philosophy. In the preface to the second edition, in 1860, he was still pouring insults on the Royal Danish Society.{{r|Cartwright|p=484}} Two years later, after some negotiations, he managed to convince his publisher, Brockhaus, to print the second, updated edition of ''The World as Will and Representation''. That book was again mostly ignored and the few reviews were mixed or negative.

Schopenhauer began to attract some followers, mostly outside academia, among practical professionals (several of them were lawyers) who pursued private philosophical studies. He jokingly referred to them as "evangelists" and "apostles".{{r|Cartwright|p=504}} One of the most active early followers was [[Julius Frauenstädt]], who wrote numerous articles promoting Schopenhauer's philosophy. He was also instrumental in finding another publisher after Brockhaus declined to publish ''Parerga and Paralipomena'', believing that it would be another failure.{{r|Cartwright|p=506}} Though Schopenhauer later stopped corresponding with him, claiming that he did not adhere closely enough to his ideas, Frauenstädt continued to promote Schopenhauer's work.{{r|Cartwright|p=507–508}} They renewed their communication in 1859 and Schopenhauer named him heir for his literary estate.{{r|Cartwright|p=508}} Frauenstädt also became the editor of the first collected works of Schopenhauer.{{r|Cartwright|p=506}}

In 1848, Schopenhauer witnessed [[German revolutions of 1848–49|violent upheaval]] in Frankfurt after General [[Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald]] and Prince [[Felix Lichnowsky]] were murdered. He became worried for his own safety and property.{{r|Cartwright|p=514}} Even earlier in life he had had such worries and kept a sword and loaded pistols near his bed to defend himself from thieves.{{r|Cartwright|p=465}} He gave a friendly welcome to Austrian soldiers who wanted to shoot revolutionaries from his window and as they were leaving he gave one of the officers his opera glasses to help him monitor rebels.{{r|Cartwright|p=514}} The rebellion passed without any loss to Schopenhauer and he later praised [[Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz]] for restoring order.{{r|Cartwright|p=515}} He even modified his will, leaving a large part of his property to a Prussian fund that helped soldiers who became invalids while fighting rebellion in 1848 or the families of soldiers who died in battle.{{r|Cartwright|p=517}} As [[Young Hegelians]] were advocating change and progress, Schopenhauer claimed that misery is natural for humans and that, even if some utopian society were established, people would still fight each other out of boredom, or would starve due to overpopulation.{{r|Cartwright|p=515}}

[[File:Schopenhauer.jpg|thumb|left|1855 painting of Schopenhauer by [[Jules Lunteschütz]]]]
In 1851, Schopenhauer published ''[[Parerga and Paralipomena]]'', which contains essays that are supplementary to his main work. It was his first successful, widely read book, partly due to the work of his disciples who wrote praising reviews.{{r|Cartwright|p=524}} The essays that proved most popular were the ones that actually did not contain the basic philosophical ideas of his system.{{r|Cartwright|p=539}} Many academic philosophers considered him a great stylist and cultural critic but did not take his philosophy seriously.{{r|Cartwright|p=539}} His early critics liked to point out similarities of his ideas to those of Fichte and Schelling,{{r|Cartwright|p=381–386}} or to claim that there were numerous contradictions in his philosophy.{{r|Cartwright|p=381–386, 537}} Both criticisms enraged Schopenhauer. He was becoming less interested in intellectual fights, but encouraged his disciples to do so.{{r|Cartwright|p=525}} His private notes and correspondence show that he acknowledged some of the criticisms regarding contradictions, inconsistencies, and vagueness in his philosophy, but claimed that he was not concerned about harmony and agreement in his propositions{{r|Cartwright|p=394}} and that some of his ideas should not be taken literally but instead as metaphors.{{r|Cartwright|p=510}}

Academic philosophers were also starting to notice his work. In 1856, the University of Leipzig sponsored an essay contest about Schopenhauer's philosophy, which was won by [[Rudolf Seydel]]'s very critical essay.{{r|Cartwright|p=536}} Schopenhauer's friend [[Jules Lunteschütz]] made the first of his four portraits of him—which Schopenhauer did not particularly like—which was soon sold to a wealthy landowner, Carl Ferdinand Wiesike, who built a house to display it. Schopenhauer seemed flattered and amused by this, and would claim that it was his first chapel.{{r|Cartwright|p=540}} As his fame increased, copies of paintings and photographs of him were being sold and admirers were visiting the places where he had lived and written his works. People visited Frankfurt's ''Englischer Hof'' to observe him dining. Admirers gave him gifts and asked for autographs.{{r|Cartwright|p=541}} He complained that he still felt isolated due to his not very social nature and the fact that many of his good friends had already died from old age.{{r|Cartwright|p=542}}

[[File:Schopenhauer-ffm001.jpg|thumb|right|Grave at the ''[[Frankfurt Main Cemetery|Hauptfriedhof]]'' in [[Frankfurt]]]]
He remained healthy in his own old age, which he attributed to regular walks no matter the weather and always getting enough sleep.{{r|Cartwright|p=544–545}} He had a great appetite and could read without glasses, but his [[Hearing loss|hearing]] had been declining since his youth and he developed problems with [[rheumatism]].{{r|Cartwright|p=545}} He remained active and lucid, continued his reading, writing and correspondence until his death.{{r|Cartwright|p=545}} The numerous notes that he made during these years, amongst others on aging, were published [[Posthumous publication|posthumously]] under the title ''Senilia''. In the spring of 1860 his health began to decline, and he experienced shortness of breath and heart palpitations; in September he suffered inflammation of the lungs and, although he was starting to recover, he remained very weak.{{r|Cartwright|p=546}} The last friend to visit him was Wilhelm Gwinner; according to him, Schopenhauer was concerned that he would not be able to finish his planned additions to ''Parerga and Paralipomena'' but was at peace with dying.{{r|Cartwright|p=546–547}} He died of [[Respiratory failure|pulmonary-respiratory failure]]<ref>Dale Jacquette, ''The Philosophy of Schopenhauer'', Routledge, 2015: "Biographical sketch".</ref> on 21 September 1860 while sitting at home on his couch. He died at the age of 72 and had a funeral conducted by a Lutheran minister.<ref>''Schopenhauer: his life and philosophy'' by H. Zimmern – 1932 – G. Allen & Unwin.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TBXX9KVtzsC&dq=%22Arthur+Schopenhauer%22+%22lutheran%22&pg=PA167|title=Arthur Schopenhauer, 2013|date=15 February 2013|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-069-6}}</ref>