Editing Archangel (section)

==Christianity==

The [[New Testament]] makes over a hundred references to [[angel]]s, but uses the word "archangel" only twice, in {{bibleverse|1 Thessalonians|4:16}} ("For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trumpet of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first", [[King James Version|KJV]]) and {{bibleverse|Jude|1:9}} ("Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee", KJV).

===Catholic===

In Catholicism, three are mentioned by name:
* [[Gabriel]]
* [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]]
* [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]]
These three are commemorated together liturgically on [[September 29#Holidays and observances|September 29]]. Each formerly had his own feast.

The latter of these identifies himself in Tobit 12:15<sup>(NAB)</sup> thus: "I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand and serve before the Glory of the Lord."

The [[Fourth Book of Esdras]], which mentions the angel [[Uriel]] (and also the "archangel" [[Jerahmeel (archangel)|Jeremiel]]), was popular in the West and was frequently quoted by Church Fathers, especially [[Ambrose]], but was never considered part of the Catholic [[biblical canon]].<ref name=souvay>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05535a.htm|title=Souvay, Charles. "Esdras." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 5 Aug. 2013|publisher=Newadvent.org|date=1909-05-01|access-date=2014-03-11}}</ref>

The Catholic Church gives no official recognition to the names given in some apocryphal sources, such as [[Raguel (angel)|Raguel]], [[Sariel|Saraqael]] and [[Ramiel (angel)|Remiel]] (in the [[Book of Enoch]]) or Izidkiel, Hanael, and Kepharel (in other such sources).<ref name=driscoll>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12640b.htm|title=Driscoll, James F. "St. Raphael." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 5 Aug. 2013|publisher=Newadvent.org|date=1911-06-01|access-date=2014-03-11}}</ref>

[[File:Arcangeli-tosini.jpg|thumb|[[Michele Tosini]], Archangels Raphael, Michael and Gabriel, showing their attributes in Catholic art]]
In 1851 [[Pope Pius IX]] approved the [[Chaplet of Saint Michael]], based on the 1751 apparition of the [[Archangel Michael]] experienced by the Carmelite nun Antonia d'Astonac, which includes prayers with specific invocations to the Archangels and each of the nine Choirs of Angels.<ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} page 123</ref><ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=7GLjLQAACAAJ&dq=Michael+Archangel+Pius+chaplet&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y|The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel in Latin and English], Geoffrey W. M. P. Lopes Da Silva, Domina Nostra Publishing, 2020.</ref>

Of the three major archangels in the Catholic hierarchy of angels, all normally with large wings, [[Archangel Michael]] is easy to recognize, in armour with a weapon (sword or spear), often standing on a winged man or a dragon representing Satan, and he may carry a pair of scales to represent his role in the [[Last Judgement]].<ref>Hall, 208</ref>  [[Gabriel]] carries a stem of lilies, traditionally part of the [[iconography]] of the [[Annunciation]], his most significant  work as the messenger of God.<ref>Hall, 134</ref> The [[iconography]] of [[Archangel Raphael]] derives from the story from the [[Book of Tobit]] of [[Tobias and the Angel]]. Especially in the Renaissance, Tobias, his dog and the fish he carries may all appear, otherwise Raphael holds a walker's staff, may wear sandals, and may carry a small container (for the healing organs from the giant fish Tobias caught).<ref>Hall, 260</ref>

===Eastern Orthodox===
[[Image:Archangels.JPG|right|thumbnail|''Angelic Council'', [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [[icon]] of the seven archangels, left to right: [[Jegudiel]], [[Gabriel]], [[Selaphiel]], [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], [[Uriel]], [[Raphael (angel)|Raphael]], [[Barachiel]]. Beneath the [[mandorla]] of Christ-[[Immanuel|Immanuel (God is with us)]] are representations of [[Cherubim]] (blue) and [[Seraphim]] (red).]]

[[Eastern Orthodox]] [[Sacred Tradition|Tradition]] mentions "thousands of archangels".<ref>[[Anaphora (linguistics)|anaphora]], [[Divine Liturgy]] of [[St. John Chrysostom]]</ref> Only [[Seven Archangels]] are venerated by name.<ref name="ParryMellingBradyGriffith2000"/><ref>[http://www.holy-transfiguration.org/library_en/ang_heavhost.html The World of The Angels] Holy Transfiguration Russian Orthodox Church, Baltimore MD</ref> Three are the same as mentioned in Catholicism; namely Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael.  Uriel is included.  The other three or four are most often named [[Selaphiel]], [[Jegudiel]], [[Barachiel]] and (sometimes) [[Jerahmeel (archangel)|Jeremiel]].<ref name="Ohrid">{{cite web|authorlink=Nicholai Velimirovic|first=Nicholai|last=Velimirovic|url=http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=November&day=8&Go.x=13&Go.y=15|title=The Prologue from Ohrid: November 8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207012031/http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=November&day=8&Go.x=13&Go.y=15|archive-date=December 7, 2008|website=Western American Diocese}}</ref> The Orthodox Church celebrates the [[Synaxis]] of the Archangel Michael and the Other [[Bodiless Powers]] on [[November 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|November 8]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar]] (for those churches which follow the [[Julian Calendar]], November 8 falls on November 21 of the modern [[Gregorian Calendar]]). Other [[feast day]]s of the Archangels include the Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel on March 26 (April 8) and July 13 (July 26), and the [[Miracle]] of the Archangel Michael at [[Colossae]] on September 6 (September 19). In addition, every Monday throughout the year is dedicated to the Angels, with special mention being made in the church hymns of Michael and Gabriel. In Orthodox [[iconography]], each angel has a symbolic representation:<ref name="Ohrid"/>

* ''[[Michael (archangel)|Michael]]'' in the Hebrew language means "Who is like God?" or "Who is equal to God?" Michael has been depicted from earliest Christian times as a commander, who holds in his right hand a spear with which he attacks [[Lucifer|Lucifer/Satan]], and in his left hand a green palm branch. At the top of the spear, there is a linen ribbon with a red cross. The Archangel Michael is especially considered to be the Guardian of the Orthodox Faith and a fighter against heresies.
* ''[[Gabriel]]'' in Hebrew means "God is my strength" or "Might<!-- OK here: don't correct it--> of God". He is the herald of the mysteries of God, especially the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation of God]] and all other mysteries related to it. He is depicted as follows: In his right hand, he holds a lantern with a lighted taper inside, and in his left hand, a mirror of green [[jasper]]. The mirror signifies the wisdom of God as a hidden mystery.
* ''[[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]]'' is a Hebrew name which means "It is God who heals" or "God Heals".<ref>{{Bibleverse||Tobit|3:17|NAB}}, {{Bibleverse-nb||Tobit|12:15|NAB}}</ref> Raphael is depicted leading [[Tobias and the angel|Tobias]] (who is carrying a fish caught in the [[Tigris]]) with his right hand and holding a physician's [[alabaster jar]] in his left hand.
* ''[[Uriel]]'' in the Hebrew language means "God is my light", or "Light of God" (II Esdras 4:1, 5:20). He is depicted holding a sword in his right hand, and a flame in his left.
* ''[[Sealtiel]]'' means "Intercessor of God". He is depicted with his face and eyes lowered, holding his hands on his bosom in prayer.
* ''[[Jegudiel]]'' means "Glorifier of God". He is depicted bearing a golden wreath in his right hand and a triple-thonged whip in his left hand.
* ''[[Barachiel]]'' means "Blessed by God". He is depicted holding a white rose in his hand against his breast.
* ''[[Jerahmeel (archangel)|Jerahmeel]]'' means "God's exaltation". He is venerated as an inspirer and awakener of exalted thoughts that raise a person toward God ({{Bibleverse|2|Esdras|4:36}}). As an ''eighth'', he is sometimes included as an archangel.

===Coptic Orthodox===
[[File:Coptic Icon of the Archangel Michael.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Coptic art|Coptic icon]] of the Archangel Michael. Among all the archangels, the Copts pay special attention to St Michael.]]

In addition to Michael, Gabriel and Raphael, the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Church]] recognises four more archangels by name:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://becomeorthodox.org/the-heavenly-host-in-the-coptic-tradition/|title=The Heavenly Host in the Coptic Tradition|last=Meinardus|first=Otto F. A.|date=3 July 2015|website=becomeorthodox.org|access-date=28 March 2019|author-link=Otto Friedrich August Meinardus|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629060455/http://becomeorthodox.org/the-heavenly-host-in-the-coptic-tradition/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Suriel]]'' means "Prince of God"
* ''[[Zadkiel|Sadakiel]]'' means "Grace of God"
* ''[[Sarathiel]]'' (Unknown)
* ''[[Ananiel]]'' means "Rain of God"

===Ethiopian Orthodox===
[[File:Colección Miguel Gallés Icono etíope soporte pergamino XX (25x20) (2).JPG|thumb|upright|[[Ethiopian art|Ethiopian icon]] of an angel, possibly St Michael]]

The [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] venerates the four archangels Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Uriel, as well as:<ref name="Theology">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgmedhanealem.org/our-church/brief-history|title=Theology: ANGELS|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=dgmedhanealem.org|access-date=12 April 2019|quote=The notable seven Archangels are: St. Mikael, St. Gebriel, St. Rufael, St. Uriel, St. Ramuel, St. Phanuel, St. Raguel.}}</ref><ref name="Devotions">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/Lent/devotion.html|title=Devotions: The Invocation of Angels|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=ethiopianorthodox.org|access-date=12 April 2019|quote=Devoutly are kept the feasts of all Angels including St. Michael, St. Gabriel and St. Raphael. […] Uriel, Regel, Remiel and Phanuel are other revered angels.}}</ref>
* ''[[Phanuel (angel)|Phanuel]]'', meaning "Face of God"
* ''[[Raguel (angel)|Raguel]]'', meaning "Friend of God"
* ''[[Ramiel|Remiel]]'',<ref name="Devotions" /> meaning "Thunder of God"

In the canon of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]], [[Book of Enoch|1 Enoch]] describes [[Saraqael]] as one of the angels who watch over "the spirits that sin in the spirit" (Enoch 20:7–8).

===Protestant===
The [[Protestant Bible]] provides names for two angels, "Michael the archangel" (Jude 1:9), the angel Gabriel, who is called "the man Gabriel" in Daniel 9:21, which are considered part of the standard New Testament canon and Old Testament canon respectively. It omits [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], who is mentioned in [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]] 12:15, which falls in the [[Biblical apocrypha|Apocrypha]] section of the Catholic Bible, and it omits [[Uriel]] ([[2 Esdras]] 4:1 and 2 Esdras 5:20) and [[Jerahmeel (archangel)|Jerahmeel]] (2 Esdras 4:36), which are contained in [[2 Esdras]], neither are included in the Protestant Bible. Among Protestant communities, the [[Anglican]] traditions recognize three to five angels as archangels: [[Michael (archangel)|Michael the Archangel]] and [[Gabriel|Gabriel the Archangel]], as well as [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael the Archangel]], [[Uriel|Uriel the Archangel]] and [[Jerahmeel (archangel)|Jerahmeel the Archangel]].<ref name="Armentrout2000">{{cite book|last=Armentrout|first=Don S.|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|language=en|isbn=9780898697018|page=14}}</ref><ref name="Blersch2019"/><ref name="Trinity2023">{{cite web |title=Truss Carvings: Heroes of the Faith |url=https://www.historictrinity.org/our-history/architecture/stone-carvings/ |publisher=Trinity Lutheran Church |access-date=20 May 2023 |language=English}}</ref> [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]] only recognise Michael, Gabriel, and sometimes Raphael (not Uriel or Jerahmeel, because Esdras books are not included in the Lutheran apocrypha). Statuary of these angels can be found in Lutheran churches,<ref name="Trinity2023"/> and a depiction of seven archangels in stained-glass windows can be found in some Anglican churches. In this case, in addition to the aforementioned angels, [[Camael|Chamuel]], [[Jophiel]] and [[Zadkiel]] are variously depicted. They are commemorated on 29&nbsp;September, "[[Michaelmas]]", in the church kalendar of the Lutheran and Anglican churches (cf. ''[[Calendar of saints (Lutheran)]]'' and ''[[Calendar of saints (Anglican)]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.excitingholiness.org/first-edition/index.cgi?m09/d29.html|title=Exciting Holiness: 29 September|last=Kershaw|first=Simon|publisher=Canterbury Press Norwich|language=en|access-date=17 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="Blersch2019"/> 

In the view of the Baptist evangelist [[Billy Graham]], Sacred Scripture explicitly described one being as an archangel—Michael—in Jude 1:9.<ref name="Billy Graham">[[Billy Graham|Graham, Billy]] (1995). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUbiV92-mIC&q=archangel&pg=PT31 Angels]''. Thomas Nelson. {{ISBN|9780849938719}}. p. PT31.</ref><ref>Graham (1995) p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUbiV92-mIC&q=Gabriel+not+archangel&pg=PT32 PT32]</ref>

[[Seventh-day Adventists]] hold that the titles "Michael" and "archangel" are references to Jesus. In the Adventist view, they only signify his role as chief of angels and make no reference to his divine nature. Adventists credit nonconformist minister [[Matthew Henry]] as supporting this view.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/q08.htm|title=Questions on Doctrine: Christ, and Michael and Archangel|publisher=SDAnet|access-date=2014-03-11}}</ref>

<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px">
File:Seven Archangels (St Michael's, Brighton).jpg|Seven archangels depicted in the stained-glass window at [[St Michael's Church, Brighton]]; from left: [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], [[Gabriel]], [[Uriel]], [[Camael|Chamuel]] (Camael), [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Jophiel]], and [[Zadkiel]]
File:The Annunciation, Philadelphia Museum of Art, W1899-1-1-pma, by Henry Ossawa Tanner.jpg|''[[The Annunciation (Tanner)|The Annunciation]]'' by [[Henry Ossawa Tanner]]
File:Archangel Jeremiel, St Michael and All Angels, Hughenden.jpg|The [[Jerahmeel (archangel)|Archangel Jeremiel]] holding a book, depicted in a stained-glass window at [[St Michael and All Angels Church, Hughenden]]
</gallery>

===Restorationist===
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]], citing a reference to "the voice of the archangel" at [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|1 Thessalonians]] 4:16, also believe that "Michael" is another name for [[Jesus]] in heaven. They believe Jesus is an archangel in the true sense of the word—the supreme leader of angels.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160|title=What Does the Bible Really Teach?|pages=218–219|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref>

[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) interprets the term "archangel" as meaning "Chief Angel",<ref name=gts>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/archangel|title=Archangel|work=Guide to the Scriptures|publisher=LDS Church}}</ref> Michael is the only individual so designated in the [[standard works|Latter Day Saints canon]].<ref>{{lds|Jude|jude|1|9}} ''[[LDS edition of the Bible|KJV (LDS)]]''</ref> It is believed that he is the head of all of the angels.<ref name=gts/> LDS Church doctrine also states that the archangel [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] was the first man, [[Adam]].<ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|128|20|21}}; {{cite journal|author-link=Mark E. Petersen|first=Mark E.|last=Petersen|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1980/11/adam-the-archangel|title=Adam, the Archangel|journal=[[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]]|date=November 1980}}.</ref> Though no other being is identified as an "archangel", [[Joseph Smith]] taught that the angel [[Gabriel]] was known in mortality as [[Noah]]<ref>{{citation|last=Skinner|first=Andrew|contribution=Noah|contribution-url=http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Noah|pages=1016–1017|editor1-last=Ludlow|editor1-first=Daniel H|editor1-link=Daniel H. Ludlow|title=[[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]]|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan Publishing|year=1992|isbn=0-02-879602-0|oclc=24502140|access-date=10 September 2012|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917041336/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Noah|url-status=dead}}.</ref> and the angel [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]] is a being of significant standing, even though he has never been identified with any mortal prophet.<ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|128|21}}</ref>