Editing Apraxia (section)

==Treatment==
Treatment for individuals with apraxia includes [[speech therapy]], [[occupational therapy]], and [[physical therapy]].<ref name="National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke">{{cite web|title=NINDS Apraxia Information Page|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/apraxia/apraxia.htm#Is_there_any_treatment|access-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> Currently, no medications are indicated for the treatment of apraxia, only therapy treatments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Worthington|first=Andrew|title=Treatments and technologies in the rehabilitation of apraxia and action disorganisation syndrome: A review|journal=NeuroRehabilitation|volume=39|issue=1|pages=163–174|doi=10.3233/NRE-161348|issn=1053-8135|pmc=4942853|pmid=27314872|year=2016}}</ref> Generally, treatments for apraxia have received little attention for several reasons, including the tendency for the condition to resolve spontaneously in acute cases. Additionally, the very nature of the automatic-voluntary dissociation of motor abilities that defines apraxia means that patients may still be able to automatically perform activities if cued to do so in daily life. Nevertheless, <!-- research shows that --> patients experiencing apraxia have less functional independence in their daily lives,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanna-Pladdy|first=B|author2=Heilman, K.M.|author3=Foundas, A.L.|title=Ecological implications of ideomotor apraxia: evidence from physical activities of daily living|journal=Neurology|date=Feb 2003|volume=60|issue=3|pages=487–490|pmid=12578932|doi=10.1212/wnl.60.3.487|s2cid=23836106}}</ref> and that evidence for the treatment of apraxia is scarce.<ref>{{cite journal|last=West|first=C|author2=Bowen, A.|author3=Hesketh, A.|author4=Vail, A.|title=Interventions for motor apraxia following stroke|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=Jan 2008|volume=23|issue=1|pmid=18254038|pmc=6464830|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004132.pub2|pages=CD004132}}</ref> However, a literature review of apraxia treatment to date reveals that although the field is in its early stages of treatment design, certain aspects can be included to treat apraxia.<ref name="Buxbaum, 2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buxbaum LJ, Haaland KY, Hallett M |title=Treatment of limb apraxia: moving forward to improved action |journal=Am J Phys Med Rehabil |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=149–61 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18209511 |doi=10.1097/PHM.0b013e31815e6727 |url=http://www.jsmf.org/meetings/2007/oct-nov/Treatment%20of%20apraxia%20in%20press.pdf|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

One method is through rehabilitative treatment, which has been found to positively impact apraxia, as well as ADLs.<ref name="Buxbaum, 2008" /> In this review, rehabilitative treatment consisted of 12 different contextual cues, which were used to teach patients how to produce the same gesture under different contextual situations.<ref name="Buxbaum, 2008" /> Additional studies have also recommended varying forms of gesture therapy, whereby the patient is instructed to make gestures (either using objects or symbolically meaningful and nonmeaningful gestures) with progressively less cuing from the therapist.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Smania|first=N|title=Rehabilitation of limb apraxia improves daily life activities in patients with stroke.|journal=Neurology|date=Dec 2006|volume=67|issue=11|pages=2050–2052|pmid=17159119|doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000247279.63483.1f|s2cid=4456810|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Patients with apraxia may need to use a form of alternative and augmentative communication depending on the severity of the disorder. In addition to using gestures as mentioned, patients can also use communication boards or more sophisticated electronic devices if needed.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/ApraxiaAdults/|title = ASHA, Apraxia of Speech in Adults}}</ref>

No single type of therapy or approach has been proven as the best way to treat a patient with apraxia, since each patient's case varies. One-on-one sessions usually work the best, though, with the support of family members and friends. Since everyone responds to therapy differently, some patients will make significant improvements, while others will make less progress.<ref name="Dovern 2012">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Dovern | first1 = A. | last2 = Fink | first2 = GR. | last3 = Weiss | first3 = PH. | title = Diagnosis and treatment of upper limb apraxia. | journal = J Neurol | volume = 259 | issue = 7 | pages = 1269–83 |date=Jul 2012 | doi = 10.1007/s00415-011-6336-y | pmid = 22215235 | pmc = 3390701}}</ref> The overall goal for treatment of apraxia is to treat the motor plans for speech, not treating at the phoneme (sound) level. Individuals with apraxia of speech should receive treatment that focuses on the repetition of target words and rate of speech. The overall goal for treatment of apraxia should be to improve speech intelligibility, rate of speech, and articulation of targeted words.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wambaugh|first1=JL|last2=Nessler|first2=C|last3=Cameron|first3=R|last4=Mauszycki|first4=SC|title=Acquired apraxia of speech: the effects of repeated practice and rate/rhythm control treatments on sound production accuracy.|journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology|date=2012|volume=21|issue=2|pages=S5–S27|doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2011/11-0102)|pmid=22230177}}</ref>