Editing Apple Lisa (section)

====Research and design====
The project began in 1978 as an effort to create a more modern version of the then-conventional design epitomized by the [[Apple II]]. A ten-person team occupied its first dedicated office at 20863 Stevens Creek Boulevard next to the [[Good Earth (restaurant chain)|Good Earth]] restaurant, and nicknamed "the Good Earth building".<ref name="Good Earth">{{cite web |first=Andy | last=Hertzfeld | date=October 1980 | title=Good Earth | url=https://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Good_Earth.txt&sortOrder=Sort+by+Date | access-date=March 11, 2019}}</ref> Initial team leader Ken Rothmuller was soon replaced by [[John Couch (American executive)|John Couch]], under whose direction the project evolved into the "[[WIMP (computing)|window-and-mouse-driven]]" form of its eventual release. [[Trip Hawkins]] and Jef Raskin contributed to this change in design.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hormby|first=Tom|date=October 5, 2005|title=History of Apple's Lisa|url=http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/apple-lisa-history.html|url-status=live|website=Low End Mac|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220081145/http://lowendmac.com:80/orchard/05/apple-lisa-history.html |archive-date=February 20, 2008 }}</ref> Apple's co-founder Steve Jobs was involved in the concept.

At Xerox's [[PARC (company)|Palo Alto Research Center]] (PARC), research had already been underway for several years to create a new humanized way to organize the computer screen, which became known as the [[desktop metaphor]]. Steve Jobs visited PARC in 1979 and was absorbed and excited by the revolutionary mouse-driven GUI of the [[Xerox Alto|Alto]]. By late 1979, Jobs successfully negotiated a sale of Apple stock to Xerox, in exchange for his Lisa team receiving two demonstrations of ongoing research projects at PARC. When the Apple team saw the demonstration of the Alto computer, they were able to see in action the basic elements of what constituted a workable GUI. The Lisa team put a great deal of work into making the graphical interface a mainstream commercial product.

The Lisa was a major project at Apple, which reportedly spent more than {{US$|long=no|50 million}} on its development.{{r|williams198302}} More than 90 people participated in the design, plus more in the sales and marketing effort, to launch the machine. [[Byte (magazine)|''BYTE'']] magazine credited [[Wayne Rosing]] with being the most important person in the development of the computer's hardware until the machine went into production, at which point he became the technical lead for the entire Lisa project. The hardware development team was headed by Robert Paratore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linkedin.com/in/rparatore|title=Robert Paratore}}</ref> The industrial design, product design, and mechanical packaging were headed by Bill Dresselhaus, the Principal Product Designer of Lisa, with his team of internal product designers and contract product designers from the firm that eventually became IDEO. [[Bruce Daniels]] was in charge of applications development, and [[Larry Tesler]] was in charge of system software.<ref name="byte198302">{{cite magazine | title=An Interview with Wayne Rosing, Bruce Daniels, and Larry Tesler | magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|BYTE]] | date=February 1983 | access-date=October 19, 2013 |author1=Morgan, Chris |author2=Williams, Gregg |author3=Lemmons, Phil | pages=90–114 | url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-02/page/n91/mode/1up |volume=8 |number=2 }}</ref> The user interface was designed in six months, after which the hardware, operating system, and applications were all created in parallel.

In 1980, Steve Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project,{{sfn|Simon|Young|2006|pp=63-64}}{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=110}} and he appropriated [[Jef Raskin]]'s existing [[Macintosh 128K|Macintosh]] project. Raskin had conceived and led Macintosh since 1979 as a text-based appliance computer. Jobs redefined Macintosh as a cheaper and more usable form of Lisa's concepts, and led the [[skunkworks project]] with substantial motivation to compete in parallel with the Lisa team.

In September 1981, below the announcement of the [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]], ''[[InfoWorld]]'' reported on Lisa, "McIntosh", and another Apple computer secretly under development "to be ready for release within a year". It described Lisa as having a 68000 processor and 128KB RAM, and "designed to compete with the new [[Xerox Star]] at a considerably lower price".<ref name="freiberger19810914">{{Cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Apple Develops New Computers |last=Freiberger |first=Paul |date=September 14, 1981 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |access-date=April 8, 2019 |pages=1, 14 |volume=3 |number=18}}</ref> In May 1982, the magazine reported that "Apple's yet-to-be-announced Lisa 68000 network work station is also widely rumored to have [[Apple Mouse#Lisa Mouse (A9M0050)|a mouse]]."<ref name="markoff19820510">{{cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 | title=Computer mice are scurrying out of R&D labs | magazine=[[InfoWorld]] | date=May 10, 1982 | access-date=August 26, 2015 | author=Markoff, John | pages=10–11 |volume=4 |issue=18 }}</ref> ''BYTE'' reported similar rumors that month.<ref name="libes198205">{{Cite magazine |last=Libes |first=Sol |date=May 1982 |title=Bytelines |url=https://archive.org/details/eu_BYTE-1982-05_OCR/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=BYTE |pages=388–396}}</ref>