Editing Aphid (section)

===Fossil history===
Aphids, and the closely related [[Adelgidae|adelgids]] and [[Phylloxeridae|phylloxerans]], probably evolved from a [[Common descent|common ancestor]] some {{Ma |280}}, in the [[Cisuralian|Early Permian]] period.<ref name=Capinera2008/> They probably fed on plants like [[Cordaitales]] or [[Cycadophyta]]. With their soft bodies, aphids do not fossilize well, and the oldest known [[fossil]] is of the species ''[[Triassoaphis cubitus]]'' from the [[Triassic]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Johnson, Christine |author2=Agosti, Donat |author3=Delabie, Jocques H. |author4=Dumpert, Klaus |author5=Williams, D. J. |author6=von Tschirnhaus, Michael |author7=Macshwitz, Ulrich |year=2001 |title=''Acropyga'' and ''Azteca'' ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 million years of intimate symbiosis |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |issue=3335 |pages=1–18 |url=http://research.amnh.org/~cjohnson/Johnson_etal_2001_Novitates.pdf |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2001)335<0001:AAAAHF>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=55067700 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2012-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927153952/http://research.amnh.org/~cjohnson/Johnson_etal_2001_Novitates.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> They do however sometimes get stuck in plant exudates which solidify into [[amber]]. In 1967, when Professor [[Ole Engel Heie|Ole Heie]] wrote his monograph ''Studies on Fossil Aphids'', about sixty species had been described from the Triassic, [[Jurassic]], [[Cretaceous]] and mostly the [[Tertiary]] periods, with [[Baltic amber]] contributing another forty species.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Russell, Louise M. |year=1968 |title=Studies on Fossil Aphids |journal=Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=139–140 |doi=10.1093/besa/14.2.139a |url=https://academic.oup.com/ae/article-pdf/14/2/139/18806083/besa14-0139a.pdf |access-date=2018-02-04 }}</ref> The total number of species was small, but increased considerably with the appearance of the [[angiosperm]]s {{Ma |160}}, as this allowed aphids to specialise, the speciation of aphids going hand-in-hand with the diversification of flowering plants. The earliest aphids were probably [[polyphagous]], with [[monophagy]] developing later.<ref name="Dixon"/> It has been hypothesized that the ancestors of the [[Adelgidae]] lived on [[conifer]]s while those of the Aphididae fed on the sap of [[Podocarpaceae]] or [[Araucariaceae]] that survived extinctions in the late Cretaceous. Organs like the cornicles did not appear until the Cretaceous period.<ref name="Capinera2008">{{cite book |author=Capinera, John L. |title=Encyclopedia of Entomology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA193 |year=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1 |pages=193–194 |access-date=2018-02-04 |archive-date=2020-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805231221/https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA193 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Von Dohlen |first1=Carol D. |last2=Moran |first2=Nancy A. |year=2000 |title=Molecular data support a rapid radiation of aphids in the Cretaceous and multiple origins of host alternation|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=689–717 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01286.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> One study alternatively suggests that ancestral aphids may have lived on angiosperm bark and that feeding on leaves may be a [[derived trait]]. The [[Lachninae]] have long mouth parts that are suitable for living on bark and it has been suggested that the mid-Cretaceous ancestor fed on the bark of angiosperm trees, switching to leaves of conifer hosts in the late Cretaceous.<ref name="Chen Favret Jiang Wang pp. 555–572">{{cite journal | last1=Chen | first1=Rui | last2=Favret | first2=Colin | last3=Jiang | first3=Liyun | last4=Wang | first4=Zhe | last5=Qiao | first5=Gexia | title=An aphid lineage maintains a bark-feeding niche while switching to and diversifying on conifers | journal=Cladistics | volume=32 | issue=5 | date=29 September 2015 | doi=10.1111/cla.12141 | pages=555–572| pmid=34740301 | s2cid=86517289 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The Phylloxeridae may well be the oldest family still extant, but their fossil record is limited to the [[Lower Miocene]] ''[[Palaeophylloxera]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Gullan, Penny J. |author2=Martin, Jon H. |title=Sternorrhyncha |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Insects |edition=2nd |year=2009}}</ref>