Editing Antony and Cleopatra (section)

== Date and text ==

[[File:First Folio, Shakespeare - 0847.jpg|165px|right|thumb|The first page of ''Antony and Cleopatra'' from the [[First Folio]] of Shakespeare's plays, published in 1623.]]Many scholars believe Shakespeare's play was written in 1606–07,{{efn|E. g., Wilders,<ref name=Wilders />{{rp|p.69–75}} Miola,<ref name=Miola />{{rp|p.209}} Bloom,<ref name=Bloom />{{rp|p.577}} Kermode,<ref name=Kermode />{{rp|p.217}} Hunter,<ref name=Hunter />{{rp|p.129}} Braunmuller,<ref name=Braunmuller />{{rp|p.433}} and Kennedy.<ref name=Kennedy />{{rp|p.258}}}} although some researchers have argued for an earlier dating, around 1603–04.<ref>[[Alfred Harbage]] Pelican/Viking editions of Shakespeare 1969/1977, preface.</ref> ''Antony and Cleopatra'' was entered in the [[Stationers' Register]] (an early form of [[copyright]] for printed works) in May 1608, but it does not seem to have been actually printed until the publication of the First Folio in 1623. The Folio is therefore the only authoritative text today. Some scholars speculate that it derives from Shakespeare's own draft, or "foul papers", since it contains minor errors in speech labels and stage directions that are thought to be characteristic of the author in the process of composition.<ref>[[Stanley Wells|Wells, Stanley]], and [[Gary Taylor (scholar)|Gary Taylor]] (1987). ''William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 549 {{ISBN|0-393-31667-X}}.</ref>

Modern editions divide the play into a conventional five-act structure but, as in most of his earlier plays, Shakespeare did not create these act divisions. His play is articulated in forty separate "scenes", more than he used for any other play. Even the word "scenes" may be inappropriate as a description, as the scene changes are often very fluid, almost [[Montage sequence|montage]]-like. The large number of scenes is necessary because the action frequently switches between Alexandria, Italy, [[Messina]] in Sicily, Syria, [[Athens]], and other parts of Egypt and the Roman Republic. The play contains thirty-four speaking characters, fairly typical for a Shakespeare play on such an epic scale.