Editing Anti-psychiatry (section)

=== 1930s ===
In the 1930s several controversial medical practices were introduced and framed as "treatments" for mental disorders, including inducing seizures (by [[Electroshock therapy|electroshock]], [[insulin]] or other drugs) or psychosurgery ([[lobotomy]]). In the US, beginning in 1939 through 1951, over 50,000 lobotomy operations were performed in mental hospitals, a procedure ultimately seen as inhumane.<ref name="Whitaker">{{cite book|last=Whitaker |first=Robert |title=Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill |publisher=Basic Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7382-0799-5|title-link=Mad in America }}</ref>

[[Holocaust]] historians argued that the [[medicalization]] of social programs and systematic [[euthanasia]] of people in German [[mental institution]]s in the 1930s provided the institutional, procedural, and doctrinal origins of the [[mass murder]] of the 1940s. The Nazi programs were called [[Action T4]] and [[Action 14f13]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lapon |first=Lenny |title=Mass Murderers in White Coats : Psychiatric Genocide in Nazi Germany and the United States |publisher=Psychiatric Genocide Research Inst |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-9614961-9-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/massmurderersinw00lapo }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.iprimus.com.au/burgess1/breggin.html |title=The Psychiatric Holocaust – excerpts |access-date=2006-12-24 |archive-date=2008-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210183053/http://home.iprimus.com.au/burgess1/breggin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Check1">{{cite journal|last=Strous |first=Rael |title=Psychiatry during the Nazi era: ethical lessons for the modern professional |journal=Annals of General Psychiatry |volume=6 |issue=8 |year=2007|doi=10.1186/1744-859X-6-8|pages=8 |pmid=17326822 |pmc=1828151 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Nuremberg Trials]] convicted a number of psychiatrists who held key positions in Nazi regimes. As one Swiss psychiatrist stated: "A not so easy question to be answered is whether it should be allowed to destroy lives objectively 'unworthy of living' without the expressed request of its bearers. (...) Even in incurable mentally ill ones suffering seriously from hallucinations and melancholic depressions and not being able to act, to a medical colleague I would ascript the right and in serious cases the duty to shorten — often for many years — the suffering" (Bleuler, Eugen, 1936: "Die naturwissenschaftliche Grundlage der Ethik". Schweizer Archiv Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Band 38, Nr.2, S. 206).