Editing Anemia (section)

===Increased destruction===
{{Further|Hemolytic anemia}}
Anemias of increased [[hemolysis|red blood cell destruction]] are generally classified as [[hemolytic anemia]]s. These types generally feature [[jaundice]], and elevated levels of [[lactate dehydrogenase]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/anemia-overview/ | title= Overview of hemolytic anemias in children | last1= Despotovic | first1= J | last2= Mahoney | first2= D | last3= Armsby | first3= C | publisher= UpToDate
|date= 2021 |website= The Lecturio Medical Concept Library |access-date= 28 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Capriotti, Theresa|title=Pathophysiology : introductory concepts and clinical perspectives|others=Frizzell, Joan Parker|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8036-1571-7|location=Philadelphia|oclc=900626405}}</ref>
* Intrinsic (intracorpuscular) abnormalities<ref name=Robbins12-1/> cause premature destruction. All of these, except [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], are hereditary [[genetic disorder]]s.<ref name=Robbins432>{{cite book | last1 = Mitchell | first1 = Richard Sheppard | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Vinay | last3 = Abbas | first3 =  Abul K. | last4 = Fausto | first4 = Nelson | title = Robbins Basic Pathology | publisher = Saunders | location=Philadelphia |page= 432 |isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1 | edition = 8th | year = 2007 }}</ref>
** [[Hereditary spherocytosis]]<ref name=Robbins12-1/> is a hereditary defect that results in defects in the RBC cell membrane, causing the erythrocytes to be sequestered and destroyed by the [[spleen]].
** [[Hereditary elliptocytosis]]<ref name=Robbins12-1/> is another defect in membrane skeleton proteins.
** [[Abetalipoproteinemia]],<ref name=Robbins12-1/> causing defects in membrane lipids
** Enzyme deficiencies
*** [[Pyruvate kinase]] and [[hexokinase]] deficiencies,<ref name=Robbins12-1/> causing defect [[glycolysis]]
*** [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]] and [[glutathione synthetase]] deficiency,<ref name=Robbins12-1/> causing increased [[oxidative stress]]
** [[Hemoglobinopathies]]
*** [[Sickle cell anemia]]<ref name=Robbins12-1/>
*** Hemoglobinopathies causing unstable hemoglobins<ref name=Robbins12-1/>
** [[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]<ref name=Robbins12-1/>
* Extrinsic (extracorpuscular) abnormalities
** [[Antibody]]-mediated
*** [[Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia]] is caused by autoimmune attack against red blood cells, primarily by IgG. It is the most common of the [[Autoimmune diseases|autoimmune]] [[Hemolysis|hemolytic]] diseases.<ref name="isbn0-7216-0187-1">{{cite book | last1 = Cotran | first1 = Ramzi S. | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Vinay | last3 = Fausto | first3 = Nelson | last4 = Robbins | first4 = Stanley L. | last5 = Abbas | first5 = Abul K. | title=Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=St. Louis, Mo |year=2005 |page=637 |isbn=978-0-7216-0187-8 }}</ref> It can be [[idiopathic]], that is, without any known cause, drug-associated or secondary to another disease such as [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], or a malignancy, such as [[chronic lymphocytic leukemia]].<ref name=Jenkins>[http://www.trcc.org/blood/10b_autoimmune.pdf "Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)"] By J.L. Jenkins. The Regional Cancer Center. 2001 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007084816/http://www.trcc.org/blood/10b_autoimmune.pdf |date=October 7, 2009 }}</ref>
*** [[Cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia]] is primarily mediated by IgM. It can be idiopathic<ref name="pmid17891600">{{cite journal | vauthors = Berentsen S, Beiske K, Tjønnfjord GE | title = Primary chronic cold agglutinin disease: an update on pathogenesis, clinical features and therapy | journal = Hematology | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 361–370 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17891600 | pmc = 2409172 | doi = 10.1080/10245330701445392 }}</ref> or result from an underlying condition.
*** [[Rh disease]],<ref name=Robbins12-1/> one of the causes of [[hemolytic disease of the newborn]]
*** [[Transfusion reaction]] to [[blood transfusion]]s<ref name=Robbins12-1/>
** Mechanical trauma to red blood cells
*** [[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]s, including [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]] and [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]]<ref name=Robbins12-1/>
*** Infections, including [[malaria]]<ref name=Robbins12-1/>
*** [[Heart surgery]]{{medical citation needed|date=January 2016}}
*** [[Haemodialysis]]{{medical citation needed|date=January 2016}}
** Parasitic
*** ''[[Trypanosoma congolense]]'' alters the surfaces of RBCs of its host and this may explain ''T. c.'' induced anemia<ref name="Stijlemans-et-al-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Stijlemans |first1=Benoît |last2=Guilliams |first2=Martin |last3=Raes |first3=Geert |last4=Beschin |first4=Alain |last5=Magez |first5=Stefan |last6=De Baetselier |first6=Patrick |title=African trypanosomosis: From immune escape and immunopathology to immune intervention |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |date=August 2007 |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.05.005 |pmid=17560035 }}</ref>