Editing Andhra Pradesh (section)

=== Early and medieval history ===
[[File:Maha_Stupa_at_Bhattiprolu_01.jpg|thumb|left| Ruins of the Buddhist Maha Stupa at [[Bhattiprolu]], built during the 3rd century BCE–2nd century BCE]]
[[Megasthenes]] reported in his [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'']] ({{Circa|310 BCE}}) that Andhras were living in the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna]] [[river delta]]s and were famous for their military strength which was second only to Mauryans in all of [[Indian subcontinent|India]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=V. D. |first=Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Megasthenes+Andhras&pg=PA297 |title=Ancient India |date=2016 |publisher=[[S. Chand Group|S. Chand Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 |pages=297}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=History of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|publisher=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Archaeological evidence from places such as [[Bhattiprolu]], [[Amaravathi, Guntur district|Amaravathi]], and [[Dharanikota]] suggests that the Andhra region was part of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan empire]]. After the death of Emperor [[Ashoka]], Mauryan rule weakened around 200&nbsp;BCE and was replaced by several smaller kingdoms in the Andhra region.<ref name="Akira_2012">{{Cite book |author=Akira Shimada |title=Early Buddhist architecture in context: The great stupa at Amaravati (ca. 300&nbsp;BCE{{snd}}300&nbsp;CE) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YweEJsuLNCUC&pg=PA39 |year=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-23283-9 |pages=33–40 |access-date=14 October 2016}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> One of the earliest examples of the [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script, from Bhattiprolu was used on an urn containing the relics of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm |access-date=29 April 2024|title= Ananda Buddha Vihara|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014070155/http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm |archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref> This is considered as the rosetta stone for decipherment of Tamil Brahmi.<ref name="Magnum">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2013/stories/20030704000207100.htm|title=A magnum opus on Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions|last=Champahalakshmi|first=R|work=Frontline|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 October 2011|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230030420/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2013/stories/20030704000207100.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kadamba script, derived from Bhattiprolu Brahmi later led to the evolution of Telugu and Kannada scripts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Alla |first1=Chakradhar |editor1-last=Chakrabarti |editor1-first=Debkumar |title=Ergonomics for design and innovation |date=1 June 2022 |page=331 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94277-9 |access-date=29 July 2024 |chapter=Impact of writing tools in the evolution of Telugu script |series=Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems |volume=391 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-94277-9_29 |isbn=978-3-030-94276-2 |publisher=Springer |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513133402/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94277-9 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Satavahana dynasty dominated the [[Deccan Plateau]] from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE.<ref name="CH_2009">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA299 |title=Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations |author=Charles Higham |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1 |page=299 |access-date=6 March 2016 }}{{Cbignore}}</ref> It had trade relations with the Roman Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutt |first1=Sukumar |title=Buddhist monks and monasteries of India: Their history and their contribution to Indian culture |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-20-80498-2 |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C&pg=PA132 |access-date=29 April 2024}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The Satavahanas made [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Dhanyakataka-Amaravathi]] their capital. According to historian [[Stanley Wolpert]], it might have been the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Amaravati |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/History/01~10531.Historical%20timeline.pdf |website=crda.ap.gov.in |publisher=Government of AP |access-date=29 July 2024 |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519110822/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/History/01~10531.Historical%20timeline.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra |title=A new history of India |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-505636-5 |pages=75, 76|quote=Amaravati on the banks of the Krishna, which was later the southeast capital of the Satavahanas, flourished in its trade with Rome, Ceylon, and Southeast Asia, and may well have been the most prosperous city of India during the second century of the Christian era.}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> [[Nagarjuna]], the philosopher of [[Mahayana]], lived in this region.<ref>{{Cite book |author=David M. Knipe |title=Vedic voices: Intimate narratives of a living Andhra tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&q=Nagarjuna |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026673-8 |pages=8–9 |access-date=24 July 2024 }}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Padma|first1=Sree|last2=Barber|first2=Anthony W. |title=Buddhism in the Krishna river valley of Andhra|publisher=SUNY Press |year=2008|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Ronald|title=Tibetan renaissance| publisher= Columbia |year=2005|pages=29}}</ref> Mahayana spread to China, Japan, and Korea. It became the largest Buddhist denomination in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warder |first=Anthony Kennedy |author-link=A. K. Warder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8MgUVGNHkC&q=Andhra |title=Indian Buddhism |date=2004 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1741-8 |pages=336, 355, 402, 464|quote=Those of us who have studied the evidence above will prefer to locate this source of most of the Mahāyāna sutras in Andhra. (p. 355) From the internal evidence, it appears that this sutra was written in South India, very likely in Andhra, in which case the country of origin of the Mahāyāna continued in the lead in the development of new ideas in India. (p. 402)}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Todd M.|url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf|title=The world's religions in figures: An introduction to international religious demography|last2=Grim|first2=Brian J.|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2013|location=Hoboken, NJ|page=36|access-date=2 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> [[Amaravati art|Amaravati School of Art]] is regarded as one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art and had a great influence on art in South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Rowland|1967|p=210}} The [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s, with their capital at [[Vijayapuri South|Vijayapuri]], succeeded the Satavahanas in the [[Krishna River]] valley in the latter half of the 2nd century CE.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Subramanian|first1=K. R.|title=Buddhist remains in Andhra and the history of Andhra between 225 and 610 A.D.|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-20-60444-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&q=andhra+ikshvaku&pg=PA82 |access-date=29 April 2024|year=1989}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The [[Salankayana dynasty|Salankayanas]] were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna rivers with their capital at [[Vengi]] (modern [[Pedavegi]]) around 300 CE.{{Sfn|Sen|1999|p=433}} [[Telugu Chodas|Telugu Cholas]] ruled present-day Kadapa region from the six to the thirteenth centuries intermittently.<ref>{{cite web |title=History – Kadapa district |url=https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/history-2/ |website=Kadapa district |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> Kallamalla ''sasanam'' (law), engraved in 575&nbsp;CE during the rule of Dhanamjaya, is the earliest completely Telugu inscription.<ref>{{Cite news |last=రెడ్డి |first=తులసీ ప్రసాద్ |date=22 February 2022 |title=కడప జిల్లాలోని కలమల్ల శాసనమే తొలి తెలుగు శాసనమా? |language=te |publisher=BBC News తెలుగు |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-60467482 |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406173134/https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-60467482 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Undavalli Caves, Vijayawada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India (2018) 1.jpg|thumb|[[Undavalli Caves|Undavali caves]], Guntur district]]
The [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundinas]] was the first dynasty in the fifth and sixth centuries to hold sway over South India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=A. Rajeswara|year=2009|title=Indrapura: The capital city of Vishnukundi dynasty|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147663|access-date=29 April 2024|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=70|pages=138–141|jstor=44147663|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> [[Undavalli Caves]] is an example of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] of that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guntur.nic.in/undavalli_caves.html|title= Welcome to Guntur district official website|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627173402/http://guntur.nic.in/undavalli_caves.html|archive-date=27 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Eastern Chalukyas]] of Vengi, whose dynasty lasted for around five hundred years from the 7th century until 1130&nbsp;CE, eventually merged with the [[Chola dynasty]]. They continued to rule under the protection of the Chola dynasty until 1189&nbsp;CE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/ |title=About Eastern Chalukyas – Official AP state government portal – AP state portal|access-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617075255/http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/ |archive-date=17 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the request of King [[Rajaraja Narendra]], [[Nannaya]], considered the first Telugu poet, took up the translation of the Mahabharata into Telugu in 1025 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&dq=Nannaya+tikkana&pg=PA393 |title=Literary cultures in history: Reconstructions from South Asia |date=19 May 2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 |editor-last=Pollock |editor-first=Sheldon |editor-link=Sheldon Pollock |pages=393, 397|access-date=1 June 2023}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>

[[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] ruled this region and Telangana for nearly two hundred years between the 12th and 14th centuries. They were defeated by the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamidi |first=Harikrishna |author-link=Mamidi Harikrishna |date=19 October 2023 |title=Rise and fall of Kakatiyas, turning point in Indian history |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rise-and-fall-of-kakatiyas-turning-point-in-indian-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019020424/https://telanganatoday.com/rise-and-fall-of-kakatiyas-turning-point-in-indian-history |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref> [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahamani sultanate]] took over when Delhi sultanate became weak.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|title=A History of India |last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2004|isbn=9780415329200 |pages=181|quote=The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan: Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The making of the Indo-Islamic world C.700–1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87|quote=Finally, and more importantly, the independent Bahmani dynasty of the Deccan was founded in 1348 by Zafar Khan, probably an Afghan who broke away from Delhi with the support of Afghan and Mongol "New Muslims"}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Musunuri Nayakas|Musunuris]] and [[Reddi Kingdom]] ruled parts of this region in the early 14th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |title=Pre-colonial India in practice: Society, region, and identity in medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C|page=177}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> Reddy kings constructed [[Kondaveedu Fort]] and [[Kondapalli Fort]].<ref name=gazette>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif |title=Imperial gazetteer of India, v. 15 1931|work=Kondaveedu|page=393|access-date=20 October 2009|publisher=Digital South Asia Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613100037/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif |archive-date=13 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=gallery>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000739u00000000.html |title=Kondavid-durg near Guntur. 19 February 1804. Signed 'W.R.'|access-date=20 October 2009|publisher=British on line Gallery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018115359/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000739u00000000.html |archive-date=18 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajpathis]] ruled parts of this region, before the entire region became part of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] during the reign of [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Durga Prasad |first=J. |title=History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. |year=1988 |publisher=P.G. Publisher |location=Guntur |url=http://202.41.85.234:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |access-date=27 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422120411/http://202.41.85.234:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2006|pages=231–235 }}</ref> [[Pemmasani Nayaks]] controlled parts of Andhra Pradesh and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the empire in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=1989 |title=The new Cambridge history of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA1 |access-date=29 April 2024|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |page=88 |quote= "Controlling numerous villages and many large towns, these powerful chiefs commanded large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of Vijayanagara forces during the sixteenth century."}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |chapter=Mapping migrations of South Indian weavers before, during and after the Vijayanagara Period: Thirteenth and eighteenth centuries |editor-first1=Jan |editor-last1=Lucassen |editor-first2=Leo |editor-last2=Lucassen |title=Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCqiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27136-4 |page=99}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> Several tanks and anicuts were built. Some of these include the Cumbum tank, Mopad tank, and Koregal anicut, Vallabhapur anicut across the Tungabhadra River.<ref name="wrd-aboutus">{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/aboutUs |title=Water resources department – History |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Water resources department |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530064708/https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/aboutUs |url-status=live }}</ref> The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit, while [[Carnatic music]] evolved into its current form.<ref>{{Cite book|author=B. A. Saletore|title=Social and political life in the Vijayanagara Empire Vol II|year=1930|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52848 |access-date=29 April 2024 }}</ref> The [[Lepakshi]] group of monuments built during this period have mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings, Dravidian art, and inscriptions. These are put on the [[World Heritage Site#Nomination process|tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage committee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lepakshi-nandi-veerabhadra-temple-on-unesco-world-heritage-tentative-list/article65271080.ece |title=Lepakshi Nandi, Veerabhadra temple on UNESCO world heritage tentative list|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 March 2022|access-date=30 May 2023|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201091816/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lepakshi-nandi-veerabhadra-temple-on-unesco-world-heritage-tentative-list/article65271080.ece |url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6607/ |title=Sri Veerabhadra Temple and Monolithic Bull (Nandi), Lepakshi |access-date=22 July 2024 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517062600/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6607/ |url-status=live }}</ref>